{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T15:52:24Z","timestamp":1784649144635,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC2001805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC2001805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81903406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81903406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202201011245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201011245"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018YFC2001805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC2001805"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81903406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81903406"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202201011245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201011245"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China","award":["2018YFC2001805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC2001805"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China","award":["81903406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81903406"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China","award":["202201011245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201011245"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lifestyle management is important to patients with diabetes, but whether gender differences exist in lifestyle management is unclear. Data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999 to 2018) was used for this research. Gender differences were evaluated descriptively and using an odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of 8412 participants (48% women) were finally included. Across these surveys, the incidences of poor diet (OR: 1.26 (95% CI, 1.12, 1.43)), smoking (1.58 (1.35, 1.84)), alcohol consumption (1.94 (1.68, 2.25)) and sedentary behavior (1.20 (1.04, 1.39)) were more common in men, while depression (0.47 (0.37, 0.59)), obesity (0.69 (0.61, 0.78)) and insufficient physical activity (0.56 (0.49, 0.65)) were more common in women. Reductions in poor diet were greater in men between 1999 and 2000 and 2017 and 2018 (p = 0.037), while the mean body mass index (BMI) levels (p = 0.019) increased more among women. Furthermore, several gender differences were found to be related to age, race\/ethnicity and marital\/insurance\/employment statuses. Our research found gender differences in diabetes-related unhealthy lifestyle behaviors and provides reference data for implementing measures to reduce the gender differences. Further work to reduce gender-specific barriers to a healthy lifestyle is warranted in order to further improve diabetes management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T06:55:51Z","timestamp":1670396151000},"page":"16412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Gender Differences in Unhealthy Lifestyle Behaviors among Adults with Diabetes in the United States between 1999 and 2018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7762-0318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4269-3899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peihua","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengyao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingqing","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingshan","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Brussels, B. 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