{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T16:33:02Z","timestamp":1792859582251,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brigham Young University and the National Institutes of Health Institute on Aging","award":["RF1AG054052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1AG054052"]}]},{"name":"Brigham Young University and the National Institutes of Health Institute on Aging","award":["P30 CA42014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA42014"]}]},{"name":"Brigham Young University and the National Institutes of Health Institute on Aging","award":["P30 CA42014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA42014"]}]},{"name":"Brigham Young University and the National Institutes of Health Institute on Aging","award":["HHSN261201800016I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN261201800016I"]}]},{"name":"Brigham Young University and the National Institutes of Health Institute on Aging","award":["NU58DP0063200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU58DP0063200"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["RF1AG054052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1AG054052"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["P30 CA42014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA42014"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["P30 CA42014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA42014"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["HHSN261201800016I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN261201800016I"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["NU58DP0063200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU58DP0063200"]}]},{"name":"Utah Cancer Registry","award":["RF1AG054052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1AG054052"]}]},{"name":"Utah Cancer Registry","award":["P30 CA42014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA42014"]}]},{"name":"Utah Cancer Registry","award":["P30 CA42014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA42014"]}]},{"name":"Utah Cancer Registry","award":["HHSN261201800016I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN261201800016I"]}]},{"name":"Utah Cancer Registry","award":["NU58DP0063200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU58DP0063200"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute\u2019s SEER Program","award":["RF1AG054052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1AG054052"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute\u2019s SEER Program","award":["P30 CA42014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA42014"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute\u2019s SEER Program","award":["P30 CA42014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA42014"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute\u2019s SEER Program","award":["HHSN261201800016I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN261201800016I"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute\u2019s SEER Program","award":["NU58DP0063200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU58DP0063200"]}]},{"name":"US Center for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s National Program of Cancer Registries","award":["RF1AG054052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1AG054052"]}]},{"name":"US Center for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s National Program of Cancer Registries","award":["P30 CA42014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA42014"]}]},{"name":"US Center for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s National Program of Cancer Registries","award":["P30 CA42014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA42014"]}]},{"name":"US Center for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s National Program of Cancer Registries","award":["HHSN261201800016I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN261201800016I"]}]},{"name":"US Center for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s National Program of Cancer Registries","award":["NU58DP0063200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU58DP0063200"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Importance: Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is complex and only partially understood. Analyzing the relationship between other more treatable or preventable diseases and AD may help in the prevention and the eventual development of treatments for AD. Risk estimation in a high-risk population, rather than a population already affected with AD, may reduce some bias in risk estimates. (2) Objective: To examine the rates of various comorbidities and cancers in individuals at high-risk for AD, but without a clinical diagnosis, relative to individuals from the same population with normal AD risk. (3) Design, Setting, and Participants: We conducted a study using data from the Utah Population Database (UPDB). The UPDB contains linked data from the Utah Cancer Registry, Utah death certificates, the Intermountain Health patient population, and the University of Utah Health patient population. Subjects were selected based on the availability of ancestral data, linked health information, and self-reported biometrics. (4) Results: In total, 75,877 participants who were estimated to be at high risk for AD based on family history, but who did not have an active AD diagnosis, were analyzed. A lower incidence of diabetes (RR = 0.95, 95% CI [0.92,0.97], p &lt; 0.001), hypertension (RR = 0.97, 95% CI [0.95,0.99], p &lt; 0.001), and heart disease (RR = 0.95, 95% CI [0.93,0.98], p &lt; 0.001) was found. There was no difference in rates of cerebrovascular disease or other forms of dementia. Of the 15 types of cancer analyzed: breast (RR = 1.23, 95% CI [1.16, 1.30], p &lt; 0.001); colorectal (RR = 1.30, 95% CI [1.21, 1.39], p &lt; 0.001); kidney (RR = 1.49, 95% CI (1.29, 1.72), p &lt; 0.001); lung (RR = 1.25, 95% CI [1.13, 1.37], p &lt; 0.001); non-Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma (RR = 1.29, 95% CI [1.15, 1.44], p &lt; 0.001); pancreas (RR = 1.34, 95% CI [1.16, 1.55], p &lt; 0.001); stomach (RR = 1.59, 95% CI [1.36, 1.86], p &lt; 0.001); and bladder (RR = 1.40, 95% CI [1.25, 1.56], p &lt; 0.001), cancers were observed in significant excess among individuals at high-risk for AD after correction for multiple testing. (5) Conclusions and Relevance: Since age is the greatest risk factor for the development of AD, individuals who reach more advanced ages are at increased risk of developing AD. Consistent with this, people with fewer comorbidities earlier in life are more likely to reach an age where AD becomes a larger risk. Our findings show that individuals at high risk for AD have a decreased incidence of various other diseases. This is further supported by our finding that our high-risk group was also found to have an increased incidence of various cancers, which also increase in risk with age. There is the possibility that a more meaningful or etiological relationship exists among these various comorbidities. Further research into the etiological relationship between AD and these comorbidities may elucidate these possible interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T01:44:31Z","timestamp":1670463871000},"page":"16419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Comorbidity and Cancer Disease Rates among Those at High-Risk for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Population Database Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Valentine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig C.","family":"Teerlink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Farnham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oncology Program, Veterans Administration, Durham, NC 27705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8466-7659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heydon","family":"Kaddas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JoAnn","family":"Tschanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8641-2468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John S. K.","family":"Kauwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2602-3668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Cannon-Albright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"},{"name":"George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA"},{"name":"Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo, C.-Y., Stachiv, I., and Nikolai, T. (2020). 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