{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T11:19:22Z","timestamp":1784114362914,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NCBiR Grant","award":["Szpitale-jednoimienne\/67\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Szpitale-jednoimienne\/67\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic has shown that the use of a contact thermometer to verify the elevated body temperature of a suspected person carries a risk of spreading disease. The perfect solution seems to be the use of thermal imaging as a diagnostic method in fever evaluation. The aim of the research is to develop an algorithm for thermovision measurements in fever screening standards in the context of the impact of various weather conditions on the temperature of people entering the public institution. Each examined person had two thermal images of the face\u2014AP and lateral projection. Using a T1020 FLIR thermal camera with a resolution of 1024 \u00d7 768 pixels; the mean temperature was measured from the area of the forehead, the maximum forehead, the corners of the eyes, the inside of the mouth and the external auditory canal temperature. On the other hand, using classic contact thermometers, the temperature in the armpit and ear was measured. The obtained preliminary results showed very strong and positive correlations between the temperature in the ear measured with an ear thermometer and the maximum, minimum and average forehead temperature. These correlations oscillate at approximately r = 0.6, but the highest value of Spearman coefficient was obtained for the mean temperature of the forehead. Moreover, high correlations were also obtained between the temperature in the ear, measured with an ear thermometer, and the maximum temperature in the corners of the eyes and in the ear, measured with a thermal imaging camera. These values were, respectively, r = 0.54, r = 0.65. In summarizing, remote body temperature measurement taken with a thermal camera can be useful in the assessment of the body\u2019s core temperature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T02:20:31Z","timestamp":1670552431000},"page":"16511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Determination of Internal Temperature by Measuring the Temperature of the Body Surface Due to Environmental Physical Factors\u2014First Study of Fever Screening in the COVID Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Izabela","family":"Gorczewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Szurko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, 75 Pu\u0142ku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kie\u0142bo\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, 75 Pu\u0142ku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6939-9898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Stanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armand","family":"Cholewka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, 75 Pu\u0142ku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, M.C., Park, Y.K., Kim, B.O., and Park, D. (2020). Risk factors for disease progression in COVID-19 patients. BMC Infect Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05144-x"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, March 22). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Reports. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---15-march-2022."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25748","article-title":"Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.12600","article-title":"Similarity in Case Fatality Rates (CFR) of COVID-19\/SARS-COV-2 in Italy and China","volume":"14","author":"Porcheddu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.0950","article-title":"Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","volume":"5","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30182-5","article-title":"Management of primary hepatic malignancies during the COVID-19 pandemic: Recommendations for risk mitigation from a multidisciplinary perspective","volume":"5","author":"Barry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canrad.2021.06.015","article-title":"Is cancer a prognostic factor for severe COVID-19, especially for breast cancer patients?","volume":"26","author":"Allali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Radiother."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2020.e00168","article-title":"Infrared thermometer on the wall (iThermowall): An open source and 3-D print infrared thermometer for fever screening","volume":"9","author":"Abuzairi","year":"2021","journal-title":"HardwareX"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Podbielska, H., and Skrzek, A. (2014). Biomedyczne Zastosowania Termowizji, Politechniki Wroc\u0142awskiej. Oficyna Wydaw."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"35","article-title":"Ostra Gor\u0105czka","volume":"13","author":"Avner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dyplomie"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"105","article-title":"Thermographic mass blind fever screening: A review of the effectiveness of correlation tests and operations","volume":"4","author":"Sathyamoorthy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Def. ST Tech. Bull."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(09)60017-6","article-title":"Mass screening of suspected febrile patients with remote-sensing infrared thermography: Alarm temperature and optimal distance","volume":"107","author":"Chiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMB.2008.931018","article-title":"Remote-sensing infrared thermography","volume":"28","author":"Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19115","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.06.19115-en","article-title":"International travels and fever screening during epidemics: A literature review on the effectiveness and potential use of non-contact infrared thermometers","volume":"14","author":"Bitar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Annonos, P., Rossi, M., Pham, T.D., Falugi, C., Bussing, A., and Koukou, M. (2010). Advanced Integrative Thermography in Identification of Human Elevated Temperature. Advances in Biomedical Research, WSEAS Press."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"67","article-title":"Fever screening and infrared thermal imaging: Concerns and guidelines","volume":"19","author":"Mercer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thermol. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"67","article-title":"Pandemic: Thermography for fever screening of airport passengers","volume":"17","author":"Ring","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thermol. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"130","article-title":"The influence of angles and distance on assessing inner-canthi of the eye skin temperature","volume":"27","author":"Vardasca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thermol. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1611.100703","article-title":"Comparison of 3 infrared thermal detection systems and self-report for mass fever screening","volume":"16","author":"Nguyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/24\/16511\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:36:47Z","timestamp":1760146607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/24\/16511"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph192416511"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192416511","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]}}}