{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T18:15:17Z","timestamp":1770142517902,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"internal funding of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Chongqing Normal University","award":["21XLB037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21XLB037"]}]},{"name":"internal funding of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Chongqing Normal University","award":["KJQN202200556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202200556"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["21XLB037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21XLB037"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["KJQN202200556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202200556"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity has grown to epidemic proportions with 2.1 billion people being overweight worldwide. A food-grade expandable capsule named EndoXpand for the treatment of overweight people was designed and developed in this study. EndoXpand consists of an inner expandable material (core), an embracing membrane, and a gelatin capsule shell. It is designed to occupy volume in the stomach and reduce hunger sensation. The occupied volume is changeable over time, dependent on the number of ingested capsules and their degradation time. This will avoid gastric accommodation to constant volume devices as seen in the use of intragastric balloons. Several materials were tested. Collagen casing was selected as the membrane and corn silk was used to tie the membrane. Dried black fungus (Auricularia auricula) was the biological material that expanded most. However, synthesized cellulose-based hydrogel expanded more and was chosen as the optimal expandable core material. The hydrogel-based EndoXpand expanded 72 times after soaking in an acidic environment for 80 min. The corn silk ligations weakened and broke after 3 h. This resulted in release of the expanded material that was designed to easily pass the pylorus and travel down the intestine for digestion or excretion. In conclusion, this study provides design and in vitro proof-of-technology data for a potential groundbreaking approach. Further studies are needed in animal models and human phase I studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T01:52:30Z","timestamp":1671069150000},"page":"16821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of an Ingestible Expandable Capsule for Weight Loss"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeung","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaiqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Gregersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIOME, California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2000). 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