{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T15:32:08Z","timestamp":1783092728505,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-097549-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-097549-B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the present study was to validate the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and preventive potential against benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-induced DNA damage of nine samples of thyme and chestnut honeys enriched with bee products (royal jelly and propolis, 2\u201310%). Cell viability was determined by the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay (0\u2013250 mg\/mL) to select nontoxic concentrations, and DNA damage (0.1\u201310 \u03bcg\/mL) was evaluated by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis or comet assay. Treatment with honey samples or royal jelly and propolis did not affect the viability of HepG2 cells up to 100 and 50 mg\/mL, respectively. Treatment with 100 \u03bcM BaP significantly increased (p \u2264 0.001) the levels of the DNA strand breaks. None of the tested concentrations (0.1\u201310 \u03bcg\/mL) of the honey samples (thyme and chestnut), royal jelly, and propolis caused DNA damage per se. All tested samples at all the concentrations used decreased the genotoxic effect of BaP. In addition, all mixtures of thyme or chestnut honeys with royal jelly or propolis showed a greater protective effect against BaP than the samples alone, being the thyme and chestnut honey samples enriched with 10% royal jelly and 10% propolis the most effective (70.4% and 69.4%, respectively). The observed protective effect may be associated with the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the studied samples. In conclusion, the thyme and chestnut honey samples enriched with bee products present potential as natural chemoprotective agents against the chemical carcinogen BaP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T05:55:43Z","timestamp":1671429343000},"page":"16969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Protective Effect of Thyme and Chestnut Honeys Enriched with Bee Products against Benzo(a)pyrene-Induced DNA Damage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5828-2587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanesa","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana I.","family":"Haza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3246-7919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amaia","family":"Iriondo-DeHond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6309-5383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"del Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Bioscience Group, Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Alimentaci\u00f3n (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2541-562X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier F.","family":"Hospital","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia Gal\u00e9nica y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos, Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Farmacia Gal\u00e9nica y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia Gal\u00e9nica y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos, Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Farmacia Gal\u00e9nica y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1245-6227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Hierro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia Gal\u00e9nica y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos, Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Farmacia Gal\u00e9nica y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paloma","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"The European Commission (2022, October 24). 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