{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T19:17:03Z","timestamp":1785352623644,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is mounting evidence that exposure to air pollution and noise from transportation are linked to the risk of hypertension. Most studies have only looked at relationships between single exposures. To examine links between combined exposure to road traffic, air pollution, and road noise. A Casella CEL-63x instrument was used to monitor traffic noise on a number of locations in residential streets in Glasgow, UK during peak traffic hours. The spatial numerical modelling capability of Quantum GIS (abbreviated QGIS) was used to analyse the combined association of noise and air pollution. Based on geospatial mapping, data on residential environmental exposure was added using annual average air pollutant concentrations from local air quality monitoring network, including particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and road-traffic noise measurements at different component frequencies (Lden). The combined relationships between air pollution and traffic noise at different component frequencies were examined. Based on Moran I autocorrelation, geographically close values of a variable on a map typically have comparable values when there is a positive spatial autocorrelation. This means clustering on the map was influenced significantly by NO2, PM10 and PM2.5, and Lden at the majority of monitoring locations. Studies that only consider one of these two related exposures may exaggerate the impact of the individual exposure while underestimating the combined impact of the two environmental exposures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192417057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T05:55:43Z","timestamp":1671429343000},"page":"17057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Exploring the Combined Association between Road Traffic Noise and Air Quality Using QGIS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Wisdom K.","family":"Adza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow PA1 2BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3690-2957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Hursthouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow PA1 2BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health & Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow PA1 2BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4684-0841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Boakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health & Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow PA1 2BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Coates, S., Tanna, P., and Scott-Allen, E. 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