{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T23:24:07Z","timestamp":1781047447491,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007364","name":"Fondazione CRT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018.2300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018.2300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007364","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The relationship between endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) exposure and Precocious Puberty (PP) was investigated in this pilot study, involving girls with signs of PP (P) and pre-pubertal girls (C). Risk factors for PP were assessed through questionnaires, while 17\u03b2-oestradiol (E2) levels and oestrogenic activity were quantified on sera. The oestrogenic activity, expressed as E2 equivalent concentration (EEQ), was applied as EDC exposure biomarker. Questionnaires showed a low EDC knowledge, a high EDC exposure, and a potential relationship between some habits at risk for EDC exposure and PP. EEQs were similar between C and P; however, they were significantly higher in girls living in an urban environment than in girls living in a rural environment, suggesting a potential higher EDC exposure in cities. The results of this pilot study highlighted the need to raise awareness on EDCs and can be considered a starting point to clarify the relationship between EDC exposure and PP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T05:08:54Z","timestamp":1671512934000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Oestrogenic Activity in Girls with Signs of Precocious Puberty as Exposure Biomarker to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4963-048X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Gea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Toso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Canc\u00e9rologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Institut r\u00e9gional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Universit\u00e9 Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6967-7971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe Nicol\u00f2","family":"Bentivegna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Buganza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrica","family":"Abrigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"De Sanctis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0813-3524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Schilir\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04022-1","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of precocious sexual maturation: An updated review","volume":"180","author":"Cheuiche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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