{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:52:41Z","timestamp":1787961161548,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002603","name":"Sahmyook University Research Fund (2021)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RI12021050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RI12021050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002603","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This descriptive survey aimed to identify the factors affecting the post-traumatic growth (PTG) of nurses in COVID-19 designated hospitals on the basis of a PTG model. Methods: A survey of 250 nurses working at three COVID-19 hospitals in Seoul, South Korea, was conducted from May to July 2021. The collected data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS 25 (IBM Inc., Armonk, NY, USA). Results: The participants in this study were mostly women (92.7%), and the average age and career duration were 32.08 and 7.88 years, respectively. The factors that significantly influenced the participants\u2019 PTG were identified as marriage, religion, self-disclosure, deliberate rumination, meaning in life, and resilience. Conclusions: As new infectious diseases emerge, it is necessary to develop a program that can encourage self-disclosure and deliberate rumination, help nurses discover and pursue meaning in life, and enhance their ability to overcome trauma and promote PTG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T05:42:53Z","timestamp":1671601373000},"page":"56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Post-Traumatic Growth of Nurses in COVID-19 Designated Hospitals in Korea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8824-2199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suk-Jung","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8604-5581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Young","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye-Jin","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul 02053, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinderewicz, E., Czelejewska, W., Jezierska-Wozniak, K., Staszkiewicz-Chodor, J., and Maksymowicz, W. (2020). Immune response to COVID-19: Can we benefit from the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV pandemic experience?. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090739"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113599","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychological distress among populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"295","author":"Noorishad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30203-0","article-title":"Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"7","author":"Rogers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-020-01166-z","article-title":"The psychological impact of epidemic and pandemic outbreaks on healthcare workers: Rapid review of the evidence","volume":"22","author":"Preti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calhoun, L.G., and Tedeschi, R.G. (1999). Facilitating Posttraumatic Growth: A Clinician\u2019s Guide, Routledge. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410602268"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"135","article-title":"Psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A review","volume":"1","author":"Flannery","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli1501_01","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence","volume":"15","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490090305","article-title":"The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma","volume":"9","author":"Tedeschi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Trauma Stress"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"307","article-title":"Effects of cognitive and behavioral coping and social supports on posttraumatic growth: Depending on PTSD symptom severity","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther. Korea"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4040\/jkan.2020.50.1.26","article-title":"The structural analysis of variables related to posttraumatic growth among psychiatric nurses","volume":"50","author":"Yeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Acad. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2012.07.003","article-title":"The impact of traumatic events on emergency room nurses: Findings from a questionnaire survey","volume":"49","author":"Adriaenssens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"20","article-title":"Secondary traumatic stress, vicarious posttraumatic growth, and coping among health professionals: A comparison study","volume":"45","author":"Stephens","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calhoun, L.G., and Tedeschi, R.G. (2014). Handbook of Posttraumatic Growth: Research and Practice, Psychology Press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315805597"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Shin, S.Y. (2009). The Effect of Life Meaning and Social Support on Posttraumatic Growth. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Catholic University of Korea]."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Kang, H.J. (2018). Influence of Self-Disclosure on Posttraumatic Growth. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Catholic University of Korea]."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"199","article-title":"Search of the source and structure of meaning in life and the development of the multidimensional meaning in life scale: A study of university students","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther. Korea"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.14400\/JDC.2017.15.1.339","article-title":"The Influence of the meaning in life on the mental health of university students with relationship loss: Focusing on the mediating effects of posttraumatic growth","volume":"15","author":"Jeon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Digit. Converg."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"37","article-title":"The role of existential meaning as a buffer against stress","volume":"32","author":"Shim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cathol. J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Song, J.Y., and Lee, H.K. (2010). Effect of Hope and Meaning of Life on Posttraumatic Growth of Mothers with Childhood Cancer. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Catholic University of Korea]."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"117","article-title":"The influence of ego-resilience and meaning in life on posttraumatic growth: Mediating effect of searching for meaning and presence of meaning","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean J. Couns. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"419","article-title":"The relationships between posttraumatic growth and meaning in life: Considering multidimensional aspects of meaning in life","volume":"17","author":"Im","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther. Korea"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"340","article-title":"The relationship between posttraumatic stress, job stress, and turnover intention of emergency room nurses","volume":"19","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Adm."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.2.195","article-title":"Psycological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: Implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress","volume":"161","author":"Charney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finstad, G.L., Giorgi, G., Lulli, L.G., Pandolfi, C., Foti, G., Leon-Perez, J.M., Cantero-Sanchez, F.J., and Mucci, N. (2021). Resilience, coping strategies and posttraumatic growth in the workplace following COVID-19: A narrative review on the positive aspects of trauma. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189453"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12276","article-title":"Positive functioning at work during COVID-19: Posttraumatic growth, resilience, and emotional exhaustion in Chinese frontline healthcare workers","volume":"13","author":"Lyu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Health Well-Being"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.20406\/kjcs.2020.8.26.3.195","article-title":"Validation of the Korean version of the posttraumatic growth inventory expanded","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Cult. Soc. Issues"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.17547\/kjsr.2018.26.1.31","article-title":"The relationship between posttraumatic growth, trauma experience and cognitive emotion regulation in nurses","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Stress Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.11111\/jkana.2020.26.3.218","article-title":"Traumatic events and factors affecting posttraumatic growth of nurses in general hospitals","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Acad. Nurs. Adm."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22155","article-title":"The posttraumatic growth inventory: A revision integrating existential and spiritual change","volume":"30","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trauma Stress"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Cho, G.J. (2014). Factors Influencing on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Intensive Care Unit Nurses, Dong-A University."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.9.4.445","article-title":"The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The posttraumatic diagnostic scale","volume":"9","author":"Foa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.15842\/kjcp.2010.29.1.009","article-title":"Psychometric qualities of the Korean version of the posttraumatic diagnosis scale (PDS-K)","volume":"29","author":"Nam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"217","article-title":"An exploratory study on psychological trauma in adolescents: Focusing on posttraumatic stress symptoms and personality traits","volume":"17","author":"Ahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Korean Psychol. Assoc. Couns. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"99","article-title":"Effects of self-exposure, repetitive thoughts, and emotional experiences on physical health in relation to stressful events","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Korean Psychol. Assoc. Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-197609000-00003","article-title":"Social support as a moderator of life stress","volume":"38","author":"Cobb","year":"1976","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caplan, R.D. (1975). Job Demands and Worker Health: Main Effects and Occupational Differences, US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.","DOI":"10.1037\/e573842014-001"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"195","article-title":"The mediating effects of burnout on the relation between role stress, social support and organizational commitment, turnover intention in hotel organization","volume":"3","author":"Choi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Tour. Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2010.529901","article-title":"Assessing posttraumatic cognitive processes: The event related rumination inventory","volume":"24","author":"Cann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"149","article-title":"Validation of the event related rumination inventory in a Korean population","volume":"13","author":"Ahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther. Korea"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Frankl, V.E. (1969). The Will to Meaning, Plume Books."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Steger, M.F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., and Kaler, M. (2004). The Development and Validation of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, University of Minnesota. Unpublished Manuscript."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"211","article-title":"Validation of the Korean version of meaning in life questionnaire","volume":"10","author":"Won","year":"2005","journal-title":"Korean J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10113","article-title":"Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)","volume":"18","author":"Connor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2010.7.2.109","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale","volume":"7","author":"Baek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Factors affecting posttraumatic growth of nurses caring for patients with COVID-19","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Korean Clin. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-106540","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth and influencing factors among frontline nurses fighting against COVID-19","volume":"78","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005346","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.2005346","article-title":"Finding the positives from the COVID-19 pandemic: Factors associated with posttraumatic growth among nurses in Hong Kong","volume":"13","author":"Yeung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"World Population Review (2022, September 01). Religion by Country 2022. Available online: https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/country-rankings\/religion-by-country."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"15","article-title":"Religious beliefs, work motivation, risk perception and posttraumatic growth in healthcare workers during COVID-19","volume":"3","author":"Raza","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Prof. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-07252-z","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, occupational functioning, and professional retention among health care workers and first responders","volume":"37","author":"Hendrickson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Welfare (2022, August 04). Thanks to Challenge. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hUy-Eu7Gfm4."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pino, O., Cunegatti, F., and D\u2019Angelo, M. (2022). The role of life meaning in psychological distress and posttraumatic growth among italian first-aid volunteers during the COVID-19 outbreak. Trends Psychol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s43076-022-00182-7"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"87","article-title":"The relationship between post traumatic growth and the meaning of life in COVID-19 survivors: The mediating role of spiritual wellbeing","volume":"10","author":"Javaheri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.33703\/cbtk.2021.21.1.93","article-title":"The dual mediating effects of deliberate rumination and time perspective in the relationship between intrusive rumination and posttraumatic growth in adulthood","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther. Korea"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/1\/56\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:45:13Z","timestamp":1760147113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/1\/56"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20010056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20010056","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]}}}