{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T08:02:24Z","timestamp":1761897744594,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012706","name":"University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The risk of contracting COVID-19 was a very specific situation of uncertainty and ambi-guity, and of course, cognitively interesting for psychologists studying the determinants of behaviors of different personality types. In this study, we set our sights on trying to find a correlation between adherence to wearing masks and receiving vaccinations and having certain character traits that we thought might influence preventive behavior or not. We focused on the Dark Triad\u2014psychopathy, Machiavellianism and narcissism\u2014as well as social approval and the need for cognition closure, as these traits have previously been linked to heightened conspiracy mentalities. We recruited 159 subjects in the experiment, including 53 male and 106 female participants over the age of 18 to take part in an online survey investigating personality and COVID-19 information. The results confirmed our hypothesis that age, empathy, the need for social approval and other psychological traits are the factors that differentiates people who wear face masks from those who do not. However, it seems impossible to define one set of features that would predispose people to not wear face masks. In our study, the importance of psychological features differed depending on the category of public places. We discuss possible implications of these findings and provide direction for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T01:42:13Z","timestamp":1671759733000},"page":"129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Masquerade of Polish Society\u2014Psychological Determinants of COVID-19 Precautionary Behaviors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1674-3760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia Maja","family":"J\u00f3zefacka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1492-252X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Podstawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tourism, Recreation and Ecology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1277-8138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata Barbara","family":"P\u0142oszaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9265-3070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Szpakiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mateusz Franciszek","family":"Ko\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diplomstudium Humanmedizin, Medizinische Universit\u00e4t Wien, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Wien, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1986-5955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Pomianowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5858-8789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Kania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students Scientific Club ControlUP, Institute of Psychology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Nied\u017awiecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students Scientific Club ControlUP, Institute of Psychology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"\u0141abno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students Scientific Club ControlUP, Institute of Psychology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Michalec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students Scientific Club ControlUP, Institute of Psychology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"Paw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students Scientific Club ControlUP, Institute of Psychology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.1505","article-title":"Effectiveness of Mask Wearing to Control Community Spread of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"325","author":"Brooks","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheid, J.L., Lupien, S.P., Ford, G.S., and West, S.L. 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