{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:16:33Z","timestamp":1780582593161,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Smoking during pregnancy is a public health problem worldwide and the leading preventable cause of fetal morbidity and mortality and obstetric disease. Although the risk of tobacco-related harm can be substantially reduced if mothers stop smoking in the first trimester, the proportion of women who do so remains modest; therefore, the treatment of smoking in pregnant women will be the first therapeutic measure that health professionals should adopt when providing care to pregnant women. The recommendation of nicotine replacement therapy during pregnancy remains controversial due to the potential effects on the health of the fetus. Purpose: The aim of this review was to provide an overview of human studies about the use of nicotine replacement therapy during pregnancy, evaluating the efficacy and safety of the different formulations. Methods: The electronic databases PubMed and EMBASE were searched from May 2012 to May 2022. A total of 95 articles were identified through database searching using a combination of keywords. Out of 79 screened articles and after the removal of duplicates, 28 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 12 articles were finally included for review. Results: Although demonstrated to be effective in adult smokers, evidence in support of NRT in pregnant women is limited. The results of the apparent safety of the use of NRT during pregnancy contradict the FDA classification of the different NRT formulations. Faster-acting formulations seem to be the safest and even most beneficial forms for the offspring. Conclusions: NRT is not completely harmless for the fetus or for the mother; however, if an adequate assessment of the risk-benefit binomial is made, its use during pregnancy to aid in quitting smoking does seem appropriate. It is necessary to establish individual recommendations on the formulation and dose to be used during pregnancy based on individual nicotinic needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T03:05:56Z","timestamp":1672110356000},"page":"250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Safety of Nicotine Replacement Therapy during Pregnancy: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0785-1492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Morales-Su\u00e1rez-Varela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3\u20135 Pabell\u00f3n 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Marcos","family":"Puig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, La Fe University Hospital, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Kaerlev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, J.B. Winsl\u00f8ws Vej 19, 3, 5000 Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, Kl\u00f8verv\u00e6nget 30, Entrance 216 Ground Floor East, 5000 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Peraita-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3\u20135 Pabell\u00f3n 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2221-2560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Perales-Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, La Fe University Hospital, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gofs.2020.03.025","article-title":"Cons\u00e9quences Du Tabagisme Actif Chez La Femme enceinte\u2014Rapport D\u2019experts Et Recommandations CNGOF-SFT Sur La Prise En Charge Du Tabagisme En Cours De Grossesse","volume":"48","author":"Diguisto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gyn\u00e9cologie Obs. Fertil. 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