{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T11:14:09Z","timestamp":1762082049557,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction. Of the many congenital anomalies (CAs) recently linked with community cannabis exposure, arguably the most concerning are neurological CAs (NCAs). We therefore conducted a detailed study of this in fourteen European nations. Methods. Congenital anomaly data were from Eurocat. Drug exposure data were from European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Income from World bank. Results. The Netherlands, Spain, France and Bulgaria reported increasing rates of many NCAs. The NCA rate (NCAR) was higher in nations with increasing daily cannabis use when compared to those without (p = 0.0204, minimum E-value (mEV) = 1.35). At bivariate analysis, the mEVs of the following NCAs were significantly cannabis related: severe microcephaly 2.14 \u00d7 1013, craniosynostosis 5.27 \u00d7 1011, nervous system 4.87 \u00d7 1011, eye 2.73 \u00d7 107, microphthalmos 4.07 \u00d7 106, anencephalus 710.37, hydrocephalus 245.64, spina bifida 14.86 and neural tube defects 13.15. At inverse probability, weighted panel regression terms including cannabis were significantly related to the following series of anomalies: nervous system, anencephalus, severe microcephalus, microphthalmos, neural tube defect and spina bifida from p = 5.09 \u00d7 10\u22128, &lt;2.2 \u00d7 10\u221216, &lt;2.2 \u00d7 10\u221216, 4.84 \u00d7 10\u221211, &lt;2.2 \u00d7 10\u221216 and 9.69 \u00d7 10\u22127. At geospatial regression, this same series of anomalies had terms including cannabis significant from p = 0.0027, 1.53 \u00d7 10\u22127, 3.65 \u00d7 10\u22126, 2.13 \u00d7 10\u22128, 0.0002 and 9.76 \u00d7 10\u221212. 88.0% of 50 E-value estimates and 72.0% of mEVs &gt; 9. This analysis therefore demonstrates both close association of cannabis exposure with multiple NCAs across space-time and also fulfills the quantitative criteria of causal inferential analysis. Conclusions. Nine NCARs on bivariate and six NCARs on multivariable regression were cannabis related and fulfilled quantitative epidemiological criteria for causality and are consistent with other series. Particular concerns relate to exponential dose\u2013response effects demonstrated in the laboratory and epidemiological studies. Great caution with community cannabinoid penetration is warranted. Data indicate that cannabis is a significant environmental teratogen and thus imply that cannabinoids should be regulated similarly to the manner in which all other important genotoxins are carefully controlled by communities for their self-sustaining longevity and the protection of generations yet to come.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T05:42:48Z","timestamp":1672206168000},"page":"441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["European Epidemiological Patterns of Cannabis- and Substance-Related Congenital Neurological Anomalies: Geospatiotemporal and Causal Inferential Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3256-720X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert Stuart","family":"Reece","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary Kenneth","family":"Hulse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cannabinoid- and Substance- Relationships of European Congenital Anomaly Patterns: A Space-Time Panel Regression and Causal Inferential Study","volume":"8","author":"Reece","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. 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