{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:58:53Z","timestamp":1792846733554,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aimed to identify clusters of long COVID-19 symptoms using latent class analysis and investigate the psychological factors involved in the onset of this syndrome. Method: Five hundred and six subjects recovering from COVID-19 completed a series of standardized questionnaires to evaluate the personality traits, alexithymia, and post-traumatic stress. Results: Five classes were identified: Brain fog (31.82%), No symptoms (20.95%), Sensory disorders (18.77%), Breath impairment (17.59%), and Multiple disorders (10.87%). Women reported post-COVID-19 respiratory symptoms and multiple disorders to a greater extent than men. Hospitalized subjects were more likely to report persistent symptoms after COVID-19 than asymptomatic or home-treated subjects. Antagonism, hyperarousal, and difficulty identifying emotions significantly predicted post COVID-19 symptoms. Conclusions: These findings open new questions for research on long COVID-19 and how states of emotional dysregulation can alter the physiological processes of the body and contribute to the onset of organic pathologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T08:38:19Z","timestamp":1672216699000},"page":"494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["What Is the Role of Psychological Factors in Long COVID Syndrome? Latent Class Analysis in a Sample of Patients Recovered from COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5748-0592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Craparo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6619-6777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"La Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Commodari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8491-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graziella","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS\u2014Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2122-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Vezzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7377-8011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Palmira","family":"Faraci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmelo","family":"Vicario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Education and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Cin\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, U.O.C., Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Trapani, 91100 Trapani, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morena","family":"Colombi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"#LongCovid Facebook Group, 00118 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Arcoleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumology Unit, Cervello Hospital, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Severino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione Orizzonti Onlus, 90121 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Costanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6867-2319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Gori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Mangiapane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione Orizzonti Onlus, 90121 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, May 13). 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