{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T03:42:59Z","timestamp":1778125379408,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, has forced all countries affected by it to introduce quarantine and isolation to prevent the spread of the virus, as well as masking and distancing. Not everyone is equally willing to follow the rules related to limit the extent of the coronavirus epidemic. This might be connected with personality traits, especially openness, positive attitude, and optimism. Materials and Methods: An online survey was created and completed by participants in April\u2013May 2020. Self-assessment of personality traits and adherence to lockdown recommendations were assessed. A total of 7404 participants took part in the study, mainly from Poland (83.6%) and Italy (12.7%). Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was performed. Results: The participants were divided into groups depending on the degree of compliance with the lockdown rules. In the multivariate analysis, variables that increased the odds for stricter lockdown compliance were temporary work suspension OR 1.27 (95% CI 1.10\u20131.48), income level \u201cwe can\u2019t handle this situation\u201d OR 1.67 (95%CI 1.20\u20132.33), and junior high school education OR 1.68 (95% CI 1.13\u20132.50). Other significant factors included age and place of residence. Each point of self-assessed sociability OR 1.07 (95% CI 1.00\u20131.13) also increased the likelihood of adhering to lockdown rules. Conclusions: Taking the basic demographic characteristics as well as working and health environment conditions traits into account may be helpful when forecasting epidemiological compliance during a pandemic, as well as in other public health tasks. The key role of self-assessed personality traits was not confirmed in this study. Reliability of the results is limited by significant disproportions in the size of the study groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T02:56:50Z","timestamp":1672282610000},"page":"521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Self-Assessed Personality Traits and Adherence to the COVID-19 Lockdown"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0701-1971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub Jan","family":"Rojek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Psychiatry Scientific Circle, Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Psychotic and Geriatric Disorders, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-282 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5749-2611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Waszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Bidzan-Bluma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Psychology, Gda\u0144sk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gdansk, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Sanewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Psychiatry Scientific Circle, Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Psychotic and Geriatric Disorders, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-282 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"St\u0119pie\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Socio-Economic Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-309 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7916-9620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Michalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regional Development, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-309 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Lorettu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Meloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6911-1839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Che-Sheng","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myriam","family":"Abboud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Science and Public Health, Zayed University, Dubai P.O. Box 19282, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0638-4565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Grabowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Psychotic and Geriatric Disorders, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-282 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"xv","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.03.001","article-title":"Ancient History and New Frontiers: Infectious Diseases","volume":"54","author":"Rasch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nurs. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00599.x","article-title":"Editorial: Epidemics and Fear","volume":"5","author":"Damme","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/120373","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health","volume":"54","author":"Heitzman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.5114\/hpr.2020.99028","article-title":"The Relationship between Individual, Social and National Coping Resources and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Netherlands","volume":"9","author":"Super","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5114\/hpr.2022.114527","article-title":"Socioeconomic Status and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Crisis: Are Sense of Coherence, Sense of Community Coherence and Sense of National Coherence Predictors for Mental Health?","volume":"10","author":"Pijpker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goli\u0144ska, P.B., Cie\u015blak, M., Hubert, O., and Bidzan, M. (2021). Mental Health and the Symptoms of PTSD in People with Depression and Anxiety Disorders during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115542"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s11673-020-09997-4","article-title":"The Phenomenology of Contagion","volume":"17","author":"Dahiya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bioethical Inq."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091520","article-title":"Coping Resources, Coping Processes, and Mental Health","volume":"3","author":"Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596281","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.596281","article-title":"The Relationship Between the Implementation of Statutory Preventative Measures, Perceived Susceptibility of COVID-19, and Personality Traits in the Initial Stage of Corona-Related Lockdown: A German and Austrian Population Online Survey","volume":"12","author":"Eichenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.01.006","article-title":"Optimism","volume":"30","author":"Carver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.12.004","article-title":"Great Expectations: A Meta-Analytic Examination of Optimism and Hope","volume":"54","author":"Alarcon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"xxi","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.09.133","article-title":"Optimism Verses Pessimism: The Choice Is Yours","volume":"144","author":"Benzel","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585813","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.585813","article-title":"A Polish and German Population Study of Quality of Life, Well-Being, and Life Satisfaction in Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Bidzan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.5114\/hpr.2021.103123","article-title":"The Pandemic Management Theory. COVID-19 and Biocentric Development","volume":"9","author":"Stueck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-018-9901-7","article-title":"Sociability in Fruit Flies: Genetic Variation, Heritability and Plasticity","volume":"48","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707652","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.707652","article-title":"Associations Between Openness Facets, Prejudice, and Tolerance: A Scoping Review With Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2013.806328","article-title":"Openness to Experience: Its Lower Level Structure, Measurement, and Cross-Cultural Equivalence","volume":"96","author":"Woo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"595","article-title":"The Association Between Sociability and COVID-19 Pandemic Stress","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673514","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.673514","article-title":"Social Isolation During COVID-19 Pandemic. Perceived Stress and Containment Measures Compliance Among Polish and Italian Residents","volume":"12","author":"Grabowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalski, T., Brosz, M., Stepien, J., Biernacka, K., Blaszczyk, M., and Grabowski, J. (2021). Perceived Stress Levels among Ukrainian Migrant and LGBT+ Minorities in Poland during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312838"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000692","article-title":"Negative Cognitive and Psychological Correlates of Mandatory Quarantine during the Initial COVID-19 Outbreak in China","volume":"75","author":"Xin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2020.1782410","article-title":"COVID-19 Related Depression and Anxiety among Quarantined Respondents","volume":"36","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa192","article-title":"Social Consequences of Mass Quarantine during Epidemics: A Systematic Review with Implications for the COVID-19 Response","volume":"27","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805790","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.805790","article-title":"Attitudes and Perceptions of Health Protection Measures Against the Spread of COVID-19 in Italy and Poland","volume":"12","author":"Lorettu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2281","article-title":"Psychological and Behavioural Responses to Coronavirus Disease 2019: The Role of Personality","volume":"35","author":"Aschwanden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pers."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100615","article-title":"Fatalism in the Context of COVID-19: Perceiving Coronavirus as a Death Sentence Predicts Reluctance to Perform Recommended Preventive Behaviors","volume":"11","author":"Jimenez","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSM-Popul. Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2021.1906435","article-title":"People Perceive Themselves to Adhere More Strictly to COVID-19 Guidelines than Others","volume":"27","author":"Mojzisch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565634","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.565634","article-title":"Psychological Variables Related to Adaptation to the COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S323617","article-title":"Identifying Predictive Factors in Compliance with the COVID-19 Containment Measures: A Mediation Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Valenti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00352-7","article-title":"Personality Traits, Risk Perception, and Protective Behaviors of Arab Residents of Qatar During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"20","author":"Abdelrahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2307\/3348967","article-title":"Why People Use Health Services","volume":"44","author":"Rosenstock","year":"1966","journal-title":"Milbank Mem. Fund Q."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.7163\/GPol.0210","article-title":"Social Response and Spatial Mobility Change Due to Covid-19 Pandemic in Poland","volume":"94","author":"Michalski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geogr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2022, April 23). Data on Country Response Measures to COVID-19. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/download-data-response-measures-covid-19."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mo, P.K.H., Luo, S., Wang, S., Zhao, J., Zhang, G., Li, L., Li, L., Xie, L., and Lau, J.T.F. (2021). Intention to Receive the Covid-19 Vaccination in China: Application of the Diffusion of Innovations Theory and the Moderating Role of Openness to Experience. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020129"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00368504211019854","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504211019854","article-title":"COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of the Global Lockdown and Its Far-Reaching Effects","volume":"104","author":"Onyeaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Prog."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"55","article-title":"A Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes","volume":"22","author":"Likert","year":"1932","journal-title":"Arch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.03.007","article-title":"How to Improve Adherence with Quarantine: Rapid Review of the Evidence","volume":"182","author":"Webster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2013.12.018","article-title":"Optimism and Diet Quality in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"114","author":"Hingle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e318244903f","article-title":"Optimism, Response to Treatment of Depression, and Rehospitalization after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery","volume":"74","author":"Tindle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"130","article-title":"Optymizm a Zdrowie","volume":"19","author":"Potempa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Og\u00f3lna I Nauk. O Zdrowiu"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.87.1.49","article-title":"Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation","volume":"87","author":"Abramson","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodland, L., Hodson, A., Webster, R.K., Aml\u00f4t, R., Smith, L.E., and Rubin, J. (2022). A Qualitative Study Evaluating the Factors Affecting Families\u2019 Adherence to the First COVID-19 Lockdown in England Using the COM-B Model and TDF. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127305"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.07.024","article-title":"Factors Associated with Adherence to Self-Isolation and Lockdown Measures in the UK: A Cross-Sectional Survey","volume":"187","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13122","article-title":"Predictors of Non-Adherence to Public Health Instructions during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"74","author":"Pollak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"207","article-title":"Hombres y Mujeres Comunican Diferentes Comportamientos y Razones Para El Incumplimiento de La Medicaci\u00f3n: Encuesta Nacional Sueca","volume":"10","author":"Bingefors","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharm. Pract. (Granada)."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2015.09.003","article-title":"The Motivation and Inhibition of Breaking the Rules: Personal Values Structures Predict Unethicality","volume":"59","author":"Feldman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, June 24). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Health and Safety in the Workplace. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/questions-and-answers\/item\/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-health-and-safety-in-the-workplace."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.03.022","article-title":"Multimorbidity in Older Adults With Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"71","author":"Forman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015432","article-title":"Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Ackermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000891","article-title":"Demographic, Personality, and Social Cognition Correlates of Coronavirus Guideline Adherence in a U.S. Sample","volume":"39","author":"Bogg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111499","article-title":"Personality and Compliance with COVID-19 Protective Measures among Older Americans: Moderating Effects of Age, Gender, and Race\/Ethnicity","volume":"189","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000937","article-title":"The Health Behavior Model of Personality in the Context of a Public Health Crisis","volume":"83","author":"Willroth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000755","article-title":"Personality Dimensions and Disorders and Coping with the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"35","author":"Starcevic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McColl, K., Debin, M., Souty, C., Guerrisi, C., Turbelin, C., Falchi, A., Bonmarin, I., Paolotti, D., Obi, C., and Duggan, J. (2022). Are People Optimistically Biased about the Risk of Covid-19 Infection? Lessons from the First Wave of the Pandemic in Europe. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010436"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"86","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Chronic Diseases Care Follow-up and Current Perspectives in Low Resource Settings: A Narrative Review","volume":"13","author":"Fekadu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Physiol. Pathophysiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wnuk, A., Oleksy, T., and Maison, D. (2020). The Acceptance of Covid-19 Tracking Technologies: The Role of Perceived Threat, Lack of Control, and Ideological Beliefs. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238973"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"276","article-title":"Patients\u2019 Compliance With Quarantine Requirements for Exposure or Potential Symptoms of COVID-19","volume":"80","author":"Tseng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hawai\u2019i J. Health Soc. Welf."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-011-9640-9","article-title":"Determinants of Social Desirability Bias in Sensitive Surveys: A Literature Review","volume":"47","author":"Krumpal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1521\/bumc_2020_84_05","article-title":"A Review and Preview of Developments in the Measurement of Sociability","volume":"84","author":"Boswell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Menn. Clin."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/1\/521\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:54:24Z","timestamp":1760147664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/1\/521"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20010521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20010521","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]}}}