{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:15:30Z","timestamp":1783455330161,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Research and Art, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg","award":["2-5400\/136\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2-5400\/136\/1"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Research and Art, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg","award":["D30.11909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D30.11909"]}]},{"name":"Employers\u2019 Association of the Metal and Electric Industry Baden-547 W\u00fcrttemberg (S\u00fcdwestmetall)","award":["2-5400\/136\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2-5400\/136\/1"]}]},{"name":"Employers\u2019 Association of the Metal and Electric Industry Baden-547 W\u00fcrttemberg (S\u00fcdwestmetall)","award":["D30.11909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D30.11909"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In our study, we investigated possible differences across occupational groups regarding employees\u2019 perceived work-related risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2, attitudes toward technical, organisational, and personal occupational safety and health (OSH) measures for infection control, and factors associated with this attitude. We analysed baseline data (10 August to 25 October 2020) from a repeated standardised online survey distributed at a worldwide leading global supplier of technology and services in Germany. 2144 employees (32.4% women; age (mean \u00b1 SD): 44 \u00b1 11 years) who worked predominantly remotely (n = 358), at an on-site office (n = 1451), and assembly line\/manufacturing (n = 335) were included. The work-related SARS-CoV-2 risk of infection differed between office employees working remotely and on-site (mean \u00b1 SD = 2.9 \u00b1 1.5 vs. 3.2 \u00b1 1.5; Mann-Whitney-U-Test: W = 283,346; p &lt; 0.002; \u03b52 = 0.01) and between on-site office and assembly line\/manufacturing employees (3.8 \u00b1 1.7; W = 289,174; p &lt; 0.001; \u03b52 = 0.02). Attitude scores toward technical OSH-measures differed between remote and on-site office (4.3 \u00b1 0.5 vs. 4.1 \u00b1 0.6; W = 216,787; p &lt; 0.001; \u03b52 = 0.01), and between on-site office and assembly line\/manufacturing employees (3.6 \u00b1 0.9; W = 149,881; p &lt; 0.001; \u03b52 = 0.07). Findings were similar for organisational and personal measures. Affective risk perception, COVID-19-specific resilience, and information about COVID-19-related risks were associated with the employees\u2019 attitudes. To promote positive attitudes, it seems to be important to consider occupational-group-specific context factors when implementing OSH-measures for infection control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T03:26:11Z","timestamp":1672370771000},"page":"614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Assessing Differences in Attitudes toward Occupational Safety and Health Measures for Infection Control between Office and Assembly Line Employees during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Baseline Data from a Repeated Employee Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2263-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Soeder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, University T\u00fcbingen, Wilhelmstra\u00dfe 27, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5898-6066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna T.","family":"Neunh\u00f6ffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, University T\u00fcbingen, Wilhelmstra\u00dfe 27, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5053-1753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anke","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, University T\u00fcbingen, Wilhelmstra\u00dfe 27, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5549-6336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Preiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, University T\u00fcbingen, Wilhelmstra\u00dfe 27, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Rebholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, University T\u00fcbingen, Wilhelmstra\u00dfe 27, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Montano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population-Based Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Stra\u00dfe 9, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population-Based Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Stra\u00dfe 9, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Kauderer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Services, Robert Bosch GmbH, P.O. Box 10 60 50, 70049 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falko","family":"Papenfuss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Services, Robert Bosch GmbH, P.O. Box 10 60 50, 70049 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"Klink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Services, Robert Bosch GmbH, P.O. Box 10 60 50, 70049 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Alsyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Services, Robert Bosch GmbH, P.O. Box 10 60 50, 70049 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7855-3663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika A.","family":"Rieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, University T\u00fcbingen, Wilhelmstra\u00dfe 27, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8200-4862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Rind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, University T\u00fcbingen, Wilhelmstra\u00dfe 27, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2021, November 10). Statement on the Second Meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005): Emergency Committee Regarding the Outbreak of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2021, November 10). WHO Director-General\u2019s opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19\u201411 March 2020: Covid-19 Outbreak. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/director-general\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Ritchie, H., Mathie, E., Rod\u00e9s-Guirao, L., Appel, C., Gavrilov, D., Giattino, C., Hasell, J., Macdonald, B., Dattani, S., and Beltekian, D. (2021, December 03). Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). Available online: https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/policy-responses-covid."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100185","article-title":"A look into the future of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe: An expert consultation","volume":"8","author":"Iftekhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, M.G., Peckham, T.K., and Seixas, N.S. (2020). Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: A key factor in containing risk of COVID-19 infection. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.02.20030288"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"61","article-title":"Exposure to a SARS-CoV-2 infection at work: Development of an international job exposure matrix (COVID-19-JEM)","volume":"48","author":"Burdorf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2022, May 05). COVID-19 Clusters and Outbreaks in Occupational Settings in the EU\/EEA and the UK: Technical Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/covid-19-clusters-and-outbreaks-occupational-settings-eueea-and-uk."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckw031","article-title":"Influenza in workplaces: Transmission, workers\u2019 adherence to sick leave advice and European sick leave recommendations","volume":"26","author":"Edwards","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2022, May 05). Considerations for Public Health and Social Measures in the Workplace in the Context of COVID-19: Annex to Considerations in Adjusting Public Health and Social Measures in the Context of COVID-19. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-Adjusting_PH_measures-Workplaces-2020.1."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23222","article-title":"COVID-19 as an occupational disease","volume":"64","author":"Carlsten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (2022, May 19). COVID-19\u2014Hazard Recognition, Available online: https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/coronavirus\/hazards."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"German Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Arbeit und Soziales (BMAS)) (2022, January 24). SARS-CoV-2-Arbeitsschutzstandard [SARS-CoV-2 Occupational Safety and Health Standard]. Available online: https:\/\/www.ias-gruppe.de\/fileadmin\/assets\/Website_Dateien\/sars-cov-2-arbeitsschutzstandard.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Adolph, L., Eickholt, C., Tausch, A., and Trimpop, R. (2022, September 07). SARS-CoV-2-Arbeits- und Infektionsschutzma\u00dfnahmen SARS-CoV-2-Arbeits- und Infektionsschutzma\u00dfnahmen in deutschen Betrieben: Ergebnisse einer Befragung von Arbeitsschutzexpertinnen und -experten [SARS-CoV-2 Occupational and Infection Protection Measures SARS-CoV-2 Occupational and Infection Protection Measures in German Companies: Results of a Survey of Occupational Health and Safety Experts]: Baua:fokus, 3rd edn. Dortmund. Available online: https:\/\/www.baua.de\/DE\/Angebote\/Publikationen\/Fokus\/SARS-CoV-2-Befragung.html."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (Baua)] (2021, November 10). Rechtstexte und Technische Regeln\u2014SARS-CoV-2-Arbeitsschutzregel [SARS-CoV-2 Occupational Health and Safety Regulation]. Available online: https:\/\/www.baua.de\/DE\/Angebote\/Rechtstexte-und-Technische-Regeln\/Regelwerk\/AR-CoV-2\/AR-CoV-2.html."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"German Federal Ministry of Health (Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit) (2021, November 10). Coronavirus-Pandemie (SARS-CoV-2): Chronik Bisheriger Ma\u00dfnahmen und Ereignisse [COVID-19 Pandemic: Timeline of Previous Measures and Events]. Available online: https:\/\/www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de\/coronavirus\/chronik-coronavirus.html."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Robert-Koch Institut (RKI) (2022, September 07). Epidemiologisches Bulletin [Epidemiological Bulletin]: Aktuelle Daten und Informationen zu Infektionskrankheiten und Public Health [Current Data and Information on Infectious Diseases and Public Health]. Available online: https:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Content\/Infekt\/EpidBull\/Archiv\/2021\/Ausgaben\/15_21.pdf?__blob=publicationFile."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"German Federal Ministry of Health (Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit) (2022, August 22). Zusammen Gegen Corona [Germany\u2019s Information Platform on the Coronavirus]: Coronavirus Information: Basic Knowledge about Coronavirus 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.zusammengegencorona.de\/en\/basic-knowledge-about-coronavirus\/."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.121208.131609","article-title":"Attitudes and attitude change","volume":"62","author":"Bohner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/apps.12301","article-title":"Caught between Scylla and Charybdis: How economic stressors and occupational risk factors influence workers\u2019 occupational health reactions to COVID-19","volume":"70","author":"Sinclair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678926","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.678926","article-title":"The COSMO-Spain Survey: Three First Rounds of the WHO Behavioral Insights Tool","volume":"9","author":"Ayala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2007.25.5.582","article-title":"The Advantages of an Inclusive Definition of Attitude","volume":"25","author":"Eagly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Stangor, C., Jhangiani, R., and Tarry, H. (2022, September 06). Principles of Social Psychology\u20141st International H5P Edition. Available online: https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"e871","article-title":"Compliance with the main preventive measures of COVID-19 in Spain: The role of knowledge, attitudes, practices, and risk perception","volume":"69","author":"Forjaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, H.-C., Chang, Y.-J., Liao, S.-R., Siewchaisakul, P., and Chen, S.L.-S. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on knowledge, attitude, and infection control behaviors among dentists. BMC Oral Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01946-w"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"WHO Regional Office for Europe (2022, May 17). COVID-19 Snapshot MOnitoring (COSMO Standard): Monitoring Knowledge, Risk Perceptions, Preventive Behaviours, and Public Trust in the Current Coronavirus Outbreak\u2014WHO Standard Protocol: Questionnaire. Template.BI for COVID-19_Psycharchives.docx. Available online: https:\/\/www.psycharchives.org\/en\/item\/62216bdb-69fa-44e7-92b4-8438b3817341."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Betsch, C., Wieler, L., Bosnjak, M., Ramharter, M., Stollorz, V., Omer, S., Korn, L., Sprengholz, P., Felgendreff, L., and Eitze, S. (2022, May 17). Germany COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO Germany): Monitoring Knowledge, Risk Perceptions, Preventive Behaviours, and Public Trust in the Current Coronavirus Outbreak in Germany. PsychArchives. Available online: https:\/\/www.psycharchives.org\/index.php\/en\/item\/e5acdc65-77e9-4fd4-9cd2-bf6aa2dd5eba."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung e.V. (DGUV) (German Social Accident Insurance) (2022, August 16). FBGIB-005 \u201ePsychische Belastung und Beanspruchung von Besch\u00e4ftigten w\u00e4hrend der Coronavirus-Pandemie [FBGIB-005 \u201eMental Stress and Strain on Workers During the Coronavirus Pandemic]: Sachgebiet \u201ePsyche und Gesundheit in der Arbeitswelt\u201d [Expert Sub-Committee on Mental Health in the Workplace]. Available online: https:\/\/publikationen.dguv.de\/regelwerk\/publikationen-nach-fachbereich\/gesundheit-im-betrieb\/psyche-und-gesundheit-in-der-arbeitswelt\/3901\/fbgib-005-psychische-belastung-und-beanspruchung-von-beschaeftigten-waehrend-der-coronavirus-pandemie-in-der-arbeitswelt\/3901\/fbgib-005-psychische-belastung-und-beanspruchung-von-beschaeftigten-waehrend-der-coronavirus-pandemie."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-021-00670-y","article-title":"Mental burden and its risk and protective factors during the early phase of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: Systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"17","author":"Kunzler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12743","article-title":"Employee psychological well-being during the COVID -19 pandemic in Germany: A longitudinal study of demands, resources, and exhaustion","volume":"56","author":"Meyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167296223005","article-title":"The Direct Effect of Personal Relevance on Attitudes","volume":"22","author":"Liberman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"7","article-title":"How Personally Relevant Cases of COVID-19 Influence Individuals\u2019 Level of Concern towards the Virus","volume":"16","author":"Nicklas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Penn J. Philos. Politics Econ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e043908","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043908","article-title":"Adjusting working conditions and evaluating the risk of infection during the COVID-19 pandemic in different workplace settings in Germany: A study protocol for an explorative modular mixed methods approach","volume":"10","author":"Rind","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neunh\u00f6ffer, A.T., Gibilaro, J., Wagner, A., Soeder, J., Rebholz, B., Blumenstock, G., Martus, P., Rieger, M.A., and Rind, E. (2022). Factors Associated with the COVID-19 Vaccination Status of Higher Education Students: Results of an Online Cross-Sectional Survey at Six Universities in Southwestern Germany. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10091433"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD","article-title":"Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"335","author":"Altman","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Robert Koch Institut (RKI) (2022, May 12). T\u00e4glicher Lagebericht des RKI zur Coronavirus-Krankheit-2019 (COVID-19) [RKI Daily Situation Report on Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19)]: 31 October 2020\u2014Aktualisierter Stand f\u00fcr Deutschland [10 October 2020\u2014Updated Status for Germany]: 31 October 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Content\/InfAZ\/N\/Neuartiges_Coronavirus\/Situationsberichte\/Okt_2020\/2020-10-31-de.pdf?__blob=publicationFile."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Unipark & Questback (2021, October 04). Online Umfrage Einfach Erstellen [Developing Online-Survey Easily]. Available online: https:\/\/www.unipark.com."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1239517","article-title":"Epidemiologische Methoden f\u00fcr die Versorgungsforschung","volume":"71","author":"Glaeske","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gesundheitswesen"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"Doc05","article-title":"Measuring psychological stress and strain at work\u2014Evaluation of the COPSOQ Questionnaire in Germany","volume":"3","author":"Hasselhorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychosoc. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Kemper, C.J., Beierlein, C., Bensch, D., Kovaleva, A., and Rammstedt, B. (2022, September 07). Soziale Erw\u00fcnschtheit-Gamma (KSE-G) [Social Desirability]. Available online: https:\/\/zis.gesis.org\/skala\/Kemper-Beierlein-Bensch-Kovaleva-Rammstedt-Soziale-Erw%C3%BCnschtheit-Gamma-(KSE-G)."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Microcensus (Mikrozensus) (2022, May 17). Metadata for Official Statistics\u2014Questionnaires: MZ [Fragebogen zum Mikrozensus 2018]. Microcensus and European Union Labour Force Sample 2018 [Mikrozensus und Arbeitskr\u00e4ftestichprobe der Europ\u00e4ischen Union 2018]. Available online: https:\/\/www.gesis.org\/missy\/materials\/MZ\/documents\/frageboegen."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Beckmann, K., Glemser, A., Heckel, C., von der Heyde, C., Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, J.H.P., Hanefeld, U., Herter-Eschweiler, R., and K\u00fchnen, C. (2022, May 17). Demographische Standards eine Gemeinsame Empfehlung des ADM, Arbeitskreis Deutscher Markt- und Sozialforschungsinstitute e.V., der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Sozialwissenschaftlicher Institute e.V. (ASI) und des Statistischen Bundesamtes: 6., \u00fcberarb. Aufl., 6th edn. Wiesbaden. Available online: https:\/\/www.statistischebibliothek.de\/mir\/receive\/DEMonografie_mods_00003695."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Sommer, S., and Schmitt-Howe, B. (2022, May 17). Betriebs- und Besch\u00e4ftigtenbefragung 2015 im Rahmen der Dachevaluation der Gemeinsamen Deutschen Arbeitsschutzstrategie (GDA)\u2014Strategieperiode II: ZA6759_fb_Arbeitnehmer.pdf (Fragebogen): GESIS Data Archive. Available online: https:\/\/search.gesis.org\/research_data\/ZA6759."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-019-01416-5","article-title":"Consideration of psychosocial factors in workplace risk assessments: Findings from a company survey in Germany","volume":"92","author":"Beck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-022-01849-5","article-title":"Association between mobile work and work ability: A longitudinal study under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"95","author":"Berling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Ochsmann, E. (2022, September 07). L\u00e4ngsschnittstudie zu Arbeit und Gesundheit in Zeiten der Corona-Pandemie [Longitudinal Study on Work and Health under the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic]: Arbeit und Gesundheit in Zeiten der COVID-19 Pandemie [Work and Health in Times of the COVID 19 Pandemic]. Available online: https:\/\/www.uksh.de\/arbeitsmedizin-luebeck\/Forschung\/Forschungsprojekte.html."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Rammstedt, B., Kemper, C.J., Klein, M.C., Beierlein, C., and Kovaleva, A. (2022, August 11). Big Five Inventory (BFI-10) 2014. Available online: https:\/\/zis.gesis.org\/skala\/Rammstedt-Kemper-Klein-Beierlein-Kovaleva-Big-Five-Inventory-(BFI-10)."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, A., Rieger, M.A., Manser, T., Sturm, H., Hardt, J., Martus, P., Lessing, C., and Hammer, A. (2019). Healthcare professionals\u2019 perspectives on working conditions, leadership, and safety climate: A cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv. Res., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3862-7"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Betsch, C., Wieler, L., Bosnjak, M., Ramharter, M., Stollorz, V., Omer, S., Korn, L., Sprengholz, P., Felgendreff, L., and Eitze, S. (2022, August 25). Germany COVID-19 Snapshot MOnitoring (COSMO Standard): Monitoring Knowledge, Risk Perceptions, Preventive Behaviours, and Public Trust in the Current Coronavirus Outbreak: Frageb\u00f6gen: [Questionnaires\u2014COSMO Open]. Available online: https:\/\/dfncloud.uni-erfurt.de\/s\/Cmzfw8fPRAgzEpA."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"257","article-title":"Salzburger State Reactance Scale (SSR Scale): Validation of a Scale Measuring State Reactance","volume":"223","author":"Sittenthaler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Z. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12285","article-title":"Reactance revisited: Consequences of mandatory and scarce vaccination in the case of COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Sprengholz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Health Well Being"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Lechert, Y., Schroedter, J., and L\u00fcttinger, P. (2022, June 02). Die Bildungsklassifikation CASMIN: Die Umsetzung der Bildungsklassifikation CASMIN f\u00fcr die Volksz\u00e4hlung 1970, die Mikrozensus- Zusatzerhebung 1971 und die Mikrozensen 1976\u20132004 [The CASMIN Education Classification: The Implementation of the CASMIN Education Classification for the 1970 Census, the 1971 Microcensus Supplementary Survey and the 1976\u20132004 Microcensuses]. Available online: https:\/\/nbn-resolving.org\/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-262353."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) (2022, June 02). Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2\u2014Informationen und Hilfestellungen f\u00fcr Personen mit Einem H\u00f6heren Risiko f\u00fcr Einen Schweren COVID-19-Krankheitsverlauf [Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2\u2014Information and Guidance for People at Increased Risk of Severe Disease Progression COVID-19: Groups of People Known to be at Increased Risk of Severe Disease Progression 2020]: Personengruppen, die Nach Bisherigen Erkenntnissen ein H\u00f6heres Risiko f\u00fcr Einen Schweren Krankheitsverlauf Haben. Available online: https:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Content\/InfAZ\/N\/Neuartiges_Coronavirus\/Risikogruppen.html."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"GESIS Panel Team (2022, May 17). GESIS Panel Special Survey on the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in Germany: Wave: Hb May\u2013July 2020, Page-ID: 35696. Mannheim: GESIS Data Archive. Available online: https:\/\/www.gesis.org\/gesis-panel\/coronavirus-outbreak."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001900","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.42.2001900","article-title":"The four weeks before lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: A weekly serial cross-sectional survey on risk perceptions, knowledge, public trust and behaviour, 3 to 25 March 2020","volume":"26","author":"Betsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"R Core Team (2021). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2022, November 17). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis 2016. Available online: https:\/\/ggplot2.tidyverse.org."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428114548590","article-title":"Missing Data","volume":"17","author":"Newman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Field, A., Miles, J., and Field, Z. (2014). Discovering Statistics Using R, Sage."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.29.1.58","article-title":"How significant is a significant difference? Average effect size of research in counseling psychology","volume":"29","author":"Haase","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1","article-title":"mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R","volume":"45","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1177\/0016986210379095","article-title":"Modeling Outcomes with Floor or Ceiling Effects: An Introduction to the Tobit Model","volume":"54","author":"McBee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gift. Child Q."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) (2022, May 12). Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: 7-Tage-Inzidenzen nach Bundesl\u00e4ndern und Kreisen [Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: 7-Day Incidences by State and County in 2022]. Available online: https:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Content\/InfAZ\/N\/Neuartiges_Coronavirus\/Daten\/Fallzahlen_Kum_Tab.html."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Bruce, P., Bruce, A., and Gedeck, P. (2020). Practival Statistics for Data Scientists: 50+ Essential Concepts Using R and Python, O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2021-107879","article-title":"Incidence of outbreak-associated COVID-19 cases by industry in Ontario, Canada, 1 April 2020\u201331 March 2021","volume":"79","author":"Buchan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Bonin, H., Kruase-Pilatus, A., and Rinne, U. (2022, May 12). Arbeitssituation und Belastungsempfinden im Kontext der Corona-Pandemie im April 2021. [Work Situation and Stress Perception in the Context of the Corona Pandemic in April 2021]: Ergebnisse einer Repr\u00e4sentativen Befragung von Abh\u00e4ngig Besch\u00e4ftigten [Results of a Representative Survey of Employees]. Available online: https:\/\/www.bmas.de\/DE\/Service\/Publikationen\/Forschungsberichte\/fb-570-4-arbeitssituation-belastungsempfinden-corona-pandemie-april-2021.html."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Betsch, C., Wieler, L., Bosnjak, M., Ramharter, M., Stollorz, V., Omer, S., Korn, L., Sprengholz, P., Felgendreff, L., and Eitze, S. (2022, August 25). Germany COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO Germany)|Explorer 2022. Available online: https:\/\/projekte.uni-erfurt.de\/cosmo2020\/web\/explorer\/."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Betsch, C., Wieler, L., and Bosnjak, M. (2022, June 13). Beherbergungsverbot\u2014Alkoholverbot\u2014Einheitlichkeit der Ma\u00dfnahmen\u2014Risiko-Einsch\u00e4tzung verschiedener Situationen\/Welle 23|COSMO [Accommodation Ban\u2014Alcohol Ban\u2014Uniformity of Measures\u2014Risk Assessment of the Different Situations\/Wave 23]: 13.14.10.2020. Available online: https:\/\/projekte.uni-erfurt.de\/cosmo2020\/web\/summary\/23\/."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805790","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.805790","article-title":"Attitudes and Perceptions of Health Protection Measures Against the Spread of COVID-19 in Italy and Poland","volume":"12","author":"Lorettu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Eickholt, C., Trimpop, T., Winkelmann, A., Templer, M., Hamacher, W., and Schmitz, L. (2022, September 07). Evaluation von SARS-CoV-2 Arbeits- und Infektionsschutzma\u00dfnahmen: Befragung von Arbeitsschutzexpertinnen und -Experten [Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 Occupational and Infection Control Measures: Survey of Occupational 780 Health and Safety Experts]. Available online: https:\/\/www.baua.de\/DE\/Angebote\/Publikationen\/Berichte\/F2513.html."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buli\u0144ska-Stangrecka, H., and Bagie\u0144ska, A. (2021). The Role of Employee Relations in Shaping Job Satisfaction as an Element Promoting Positive Mental Health at Work in the Era of COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041903"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2017.02.008","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of factors influencing occupational health and safety management practices in companies","volume":"95","author":"Wiitavaara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, A., Sch\u00f6ne, L., and Rieger, M.A. (2020). Determinants of Occupational Safety Culture in Hospitals and other Workplaces-Results from an Integrative Literature Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186588"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"2020-0007-OA","article-title":"Workplace responses to COVID-19 and their association with company size and industry in an early stage of the epidemic in Japan","volume":"2","author":"Sasaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Occup. Health Pract."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Capecchi, S. (2021). Home-Based Teleworking and Preventive Occupational Safety and Health Measures in European Workplaces: Evidence from ESENER-3, Publications Office of the European Union. Available online: https:\/\/osha.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-11\/Home_based_TW_OSH_preventive_measures_evidence_ESENER_3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/apps.12296","article-title":"Resilience in times of global pandemic: Steering recovery and thriving trajectories","volume":"70","author":"Kuntz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/apps.12307","article-title":"Work-Related Psychosocial Risk Factors and Coping Resources during the COVID-19 Crisis","volume":"70","author":"Rigotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"344","article-title":"Views on workplace policies and its impact on health-related quality of life during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: Cross-sectional survey of employees","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Policy Manag."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000462","article-title":"Age Differences in COVID-19 Preventive Behavior","volume":"26","author":"Korn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19782","DOI":"10.2196\/19782","article-title":"Internet Use, Risk Awareness, and Demographic Characteristics Associated with Engagement in Preventive Behaviors and Testing: Cross-Sectional Survey on COVID-19 in the United States","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577331","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.577331","article-title":"Risk Perception and Protective Behaviors During the Rise of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy","volume":"11","author":"Savadori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06316-2","article-title":"Communicate hope to motivate the public during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Petersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa106","article-title":"Increased generalized anxiety, depression and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in Germany","volume":"42","author":"Teufel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114222","article-title":"Changing emotions in the COVID-19 pandemic: A four-wave longitudinal study in the United States and China","volume":"285","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Preiser, C., \u00d6g, E., Amperidou, O., Linder, V., Wagner, A., Rieger, M., Rind, E., and Navigating Challenges of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Leadership (2022, June 10). First Results from Qualitative Interviews with Leaders in Companies in Germany: COVID-19 and Mixed Bag. Accepted as Conference Abstract. Potsdam. Available online: https:\/\/www.dkvf.de\/de\/."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2020.1770706","article-title":"Effects of tourism CSR on employee psychological capital in the COVID-19 crisis: From the perspective of conservation of resources theory","volume":"24","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1177\/19485506211001680","article-title":"The Role of Personality in COVID-19-Related Perceptions, Evaluations, and Behaviors: Findings Across Five Samples, Nine Traits, and 17 Criteria","volume":"13","author":"Zettler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00002-9","article-title":"Online health survey research during COVID-19","volume":"3","author":"Hlatshwako","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"German Federal Statistical Office (Statistisches Bundesamt\u2014Destatis) (2022, June 14). Arbeitsmarkt: Erwerbst\u00e4tigkeit 2019 [Labormarket: Erwerbst\u00e4tigkeit 2019]. Available online: https:\/\/www.destatis.de\/DE\/Themen\/Arbeit\/Arbeitsmarkt\/Erwerbstaetigkeit\/_inhalt.html;jsessionid=D82F1D7FB3448435A076A98AFEBA716B.live712."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Robelski, S., Steidelm\u00fcller, C., Pohlan, L., and Betrieblicher Arbeitsschutz in der Corona-Krise [Occupational Safety and Health in the Corona Crisis] (2022, May 19). Dortmund: Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA). Available online: https:\/\/www.baua.de\/DE\/Angebote\/Publikationen\/Bericht-kompakt\/Betrieblicher-Arbeitsschutz-Corona.html."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/1\/614\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:55:45Z","timestamp":1760147745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/1\/614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20010614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20010614","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]}}}