{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T02:39:56Z","timestamp":1779331196736,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>People experiencing homelessness (PEH) face a disproportionately high prevalence of adverse mental health outcomes compared with the non-homeless population and are known to utilize primary healthcare services less frequently while seeking help in emergency care facilities. Given that primary health services are more efficient and cost-saving, services with a focus on mental health that are co-designed with the participation of users can tackle this problem. Hence, we aimed to synthesize the current evidence of such interventions to assess and summarize the characteristics and effectiveness of co-designed primary mental healthcare services geared towards adult PEH. Out of a total of 10,428 identified records, four articles were found to be eligible to be included in this review. Our findings show that co-designed interventions positively impacted PEH\u2019s mental health and housing situation or reduced hospital and emergency department admissions and increased primary care utilization. Therefore, co-designed mental health interventions appear a promising way of providing PEH with continued access to primary mental healthcare. However, as co-designed mental health interventions for PEH can improve overall mental health, quality of life, housing, and acute service utilization, more research is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T04:28:17Z","timestamp":1672806497000},"page":"892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Characteristics and Effectiveness of Co-Designed Mental Health Interventions in Primary Care for People Experiencing Homelessness: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1373-5279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Schiffler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4007-0973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Kapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Gansterer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Pass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0385-8072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Lehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Science & Technology Studies, Cornell University, 303 Morrill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3172-8486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Gil-Salmeron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Foundation for Integrated Care, Wolfson College, Linton Rd., Oxford OX2 6UD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7005-6446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daragh T.","family":"McDermott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NTU Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9605-1467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Grabovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12857","article-title":"Homeless persons\u2019 experiences of health- and social care: A systematic integrative review","volume":"28","author":"Omerov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Soc. 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