{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:26:34Z","timestamp":1787167594907,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Work characteristics may independently and jointly affect well-being, so that whether job demands deplete or energize employees depends on the resources available in the job. However, contradictory results on their joint effects have emerged so far in the literature. We argue that these inconsistencies can be partially explained by two arguments in the contemporary literature in the field. First, most studies in the job design domain are based on classic variable-centered methodologies which, although informative, are not well suited to investigate complex patterns of interactions among multiple variables. Second, these studies have mainly focused on generic work characteristics (e.g., workload, control, support), and are lacking in occupational specificity. Thus, to overcome these limitations, in the current research we include generic and occupation-specific work characteristics and adopt a person-centered approach to (a) identify different patterns of interactions of job demands and resources in a sample of healthcare employees, and (b) determine the degree to which these patterns are associated with employee well-being. We involved a sample of 1513 Italian healthcare providers and collected data on key job demands (workload, emotional dissonance, patient demands and physical demands) and resources (control, management support and peers\u2019 support). We focused on job satisfaction as a broad indicator of well-being. Latent profile analysis revealed four profiles of job demands and resources: high strain\u2013isolated, resourceless, resourceful and active job on the ward. The results of Bayesian informative hypothesis testing showed the highest support for the hypothesis stating that healthcare employees belonging to the active job on the ward profile (medium\u2013high demands, high resources) were the most satisfied. Conversely, employees belonging to the high strain\u2013isolated profile (high demands, low resources) and the resourceless profile (medium\u2013low demands, low resources) were the least satisfied. Overall, our study confirms the key role played by job resources in determining well-being in high-risk sectors, demonstrating that job satisfaction can develop both in challenging and less demanding situations. On a practical level, mapping the complexity of the healthcare psychosocial work environment has important implications, allowing for a better assessment process of employee well-being and helping to identify the most effective and fitting interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20020967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T04:51:31Z","timestamp":1672894291000},"page":"967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Demand\u2013Resource Profiles and Job Satisfaction in the Healthcare Sector: A Person-Centered Examination Using Bayesian Informative Hypothesis Testing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8749-3922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Marzocchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza\u2014University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2457-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"Ghezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza\u2014University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8260-2130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Di Tecco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority (INAIL), Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Ronchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority (INAIL), Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7689-6689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Ciampa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza\u2014University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Olivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza\u2014University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1597-0758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Barbaranelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza\u2014University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.03.007","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Burnout with Job Demands, Resources, and Attitudes","volume":"79","author":"Alarcon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1037\/ocp0000056","article-title":"Job Demands-Resources Theory: Taking Stock and Looking Forward","volume":"22","author":"Bakker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030541","article-title":"Demands, Control, and Support: A Meta-Analytic Review of Work Characteristics Interrelationships","volume":"18","author":"Luchman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/026783799296084","article-title":"The Job Demand-Control(-Support) Model and Psychological Well-Being: A Review of 20 Years of Empirical Research","volume":"13","author":"Maes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"29","article-title":"The Person-Oriented Approach: A Short Theoretical and Practical Guide","volume":"2","author":"Bergman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eest. Haridusteaduste Ajak. Est. J. Educ."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Eurofound (2017). Sixth European Working Conditions Survey\u2014Overview Report, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1037\/str0000013","article-title":"Job Stressors and Burnout in Hospitals: The Mediating Role of Emotional Dissonance","volume":"23","author":"Andela","year":"2015","journal-title":"Artic. Int. J. Stress Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00084","article-title":"The Key Job Demands and Resources of Nursing Staff: An Integrative Review of Reviews","volume":"11","author":"Broetje","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00002","article-title":"Illustrating Bayesian Evaluation of Informative Hypotheses for Regression Models","volume":"3","author":"Kluytmans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.86.3.499","article-title":"The Job Demands-Resources Model of Burnout","volume":"86","author":"Demerouti","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holman, D., Martinez-I\u00f1igo, D., and Totterdell, P. (2008). Emotional Labour and Employee Well-Being: An Integrative Review. Res. Companion Emot. Organ., 301\u2013315.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781848443778.00029"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12199","article-title":"Managing and Caring for Distressed and Disturbed Service Users: The Thoughts and Feelings Experienced by a Sample of English Mental Health Nurses","volume":"22","author":"Chambers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1037\/1072-5245.13.4.423","article-title":"Emotional Dissonance, Burnout, and in-Role Performance among Nurses and Police Officers","volume":"13","author":"Bakker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Stress Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1379(200006)21:4<425::AID-JOB21>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Van Patient Demands, Lack of Reciprocity, and Burnout: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study among General Practitioners","volume":"21","author":"Bakker","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Cherniss, C. (1995). Beyond Burnout: Helping Teachers, Nurses, Therapists and Lawyers Recover From Stress and Disillusionment, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1700(199607)12:3<155::AID-SMI687>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Job Stress among British General Pratictioners: Predictors of Job Dissatisfaction and Mental Ill-Health","volume":"12","author":"Rout","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stress Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.12194","article-title":"A Literature Review of Factors Related to Hospital Nurses\u2019 Health-related Quality of Life","volume":"23","author":"Oyama","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-010-9081-1","article-title":"A Longitudinal Test of the Demand-Control Model Using Specific Job Demands and Specific Job Control","volume":"17","author":"Shimazu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2016.09.003","article-title":"Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Primary Health Care Nurses","volume":"33","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.15452\/CEJNM.2017.08.0014","article-title":"Job Satisfaction of Midwives: A Literature Review","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Nurs. Midwifery"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2008.04630.x","article-title":"Work-Home Interference among Nurses: Reciprocal Relationships with Job Demands and Health","volume":"62","author":"Demerouti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/job.248","article-title":"Job Demands, Job Resources, and Their Relationship with Burnout and Engagement: A Multi-Sample Study","volume":"25","author":"Schaufeli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Karasek, R., and Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy Work: Stress, Productivity, and the Reconstruction of Working Life, Stony Brook University."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244020947436","article-title":"Using the Job Demands\u2013Resources Model to Evaluate Work-Related Outcomes Among Norwegian Health Care Workers","volume":"10","author":"Kaiser","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1108\/02683949910277148","article-title":"Overall Job Satisfaction: How Good Are Single versus Multiple-Item Measures?","volume":"14","author":"Oshagbemi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Manag. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2002.006734","article-title":"The Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Health: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"62","author":"Faragher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.77.6.963","article-title":"The Relationship Between Satisfaction, Attitudes, and Performance: An Organizational Level Analysis","volume":"77","author":"Ostroff","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.5.1.84","article-title":"Psychological Well-Being and Job Satisfaction as Predictors of Job Performance","volume":"5","author":"Wright","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1989.tb00495.x","article-title":"Work Attitudes and Employee Absenteeism: A Synthesis of the Literature","volume":"62","author":"Hacket","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Occup. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.72.3.374","article-title":"Unemployment, Job Satisfaction, and Employee Turnover: A Meta-Analytic Test of the Muchinsky Model","volume":"72","author":"Carsten","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1992.tb00495.x","article-title":"Relationships of Work Stressors with Aggression, Withdrawal, Theft and Substance Use: An Exploratory Study","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Occup. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.12215","article-title":"Job Satisfaction in Nursing: A Concept Analysis Study","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Nurs. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-6748.110959","article-title":"Job Satisfaction in Health-Care Organizations","volume":"21","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Psychiatry J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940710733115","article-title":"The Job Demands-Resources Model: State of the Art","volume":"22","author":"Bakker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Manag. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/sajip.v37i2.974","article-title":"The Job Demands-Resources Model: Challenges for Future Research","volume":"37","author":"Demerouti","year":"2011","journal-title":"SA J. Ind. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.92.2.438","article-title":"Differential Challenge Stressor-Hindrance Stressor Relationships with Job Attitudes, Turnover Intentions, Turnover, and Withdrawal Behavior: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"92","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2005.00250.x","article-title":"How Dentists Cope with Their Job Demands and Stay Engaged: The Moderating Role of Job Resources","volume":"113","author":"Hakanen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2016.01.008","article-title":"Which Resources Moderate the Effects of Demanding Work Schedules on Nurses Working in Residential Elder Care? A Longitudinal Study","volume":"58","author":"Peters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1037\/1072-5245.10.1.16","article-title":"A Multigroup Analysis of the Job Demands-Resources Model in Four Home Care Organizations","volume":"10","author":"Bakker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Stress Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000840","article-title":"A Meta-Analytic Test of Multiplicative and Additive Models of Job Demands, Resources, and Stress","volume":"106","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370600893410","article-title":"Bricks without Clay: On Urban Myths in Occupational Health Psychology","volume":"20","author":"Taris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"15","article-title":"The Job Demands, Control, Support Model: Where Are We Now?","volume":"1","author":"Fila","year":"2016","journal-title":"TKM Int. J. Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Terry, D.J., and Jimmieson, N.L. (1999). Work Control and Employee Well-Being: A Decade Review. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.3.4.322","article-title":"The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): An Instrument for Internationally Comparative Assessments of Psychosocial Job Characteristics","volume":"3","author":"Karasek","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370500297720","article-title":"The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: A New Tool for the Assessment of Burnout","volume":"19","author":"Kristensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2537","article-title":"Job Demands x Job Control Interaction Effects: Do Occupation-Specific Job Demands Increase Their Occurrence?","volume":"31","author":"Brough","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1348\/096317999166617","article-title":"Occupational Differences in the Work-Strain Relationship: Towards the Use of Situation-Specific Models","volume":"72","author":"Sparks","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Occup. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.M6004","article-title":"A European Framework to Address Psychosocial Hazards","volume":"50","author":"Leka","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2010.12.009","article-title":"The Job Demands-Resources Model: An Analysis of Additive and Joint Effects of Demands and Resources","volume":"79","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1037\/ocp0000038","article-title":"Testing Job Typologies and Identifying At-Risk Subpopulations Using Factor Mixture Models","volume":"22","author":"Keller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s10775-019-09414-2","article-title":"The Effects of Job Demands, Job Resources, and Personal Resources on the Psychological Well-Being of Middle-Aged Workers in the United States: Assessing Latent Profile Differences","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Vocat. Guid."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1177\/0143831X11428228","article-title":"Employees\u2019 Job Demands-Resources Profiles, Burnout and Work Engagement: A Person-Centred Examination","volume":"33","author":"Luyckx","year":"2012","journal-title":"Econ. Ind. Democr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2020.103445","article-title":"Latent Profile Analysis: A Review and \u201cHow to\u201d Guide of Its Application within Vocational Behavior Research","volume":"120","author":"Spurk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"INAIL (2021). Seconda Indagine Nazionale Sulla Salute e Sicurezza Nei Luoghi Di Lavoro (INSULA 2), Tipolitografia INAIL."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2014.11.004","article-title":"Determinants and Prevalence of Burnout in Emergency Nurses: A Systematic Review of 25 Years of Research","volume":"52","author":"Adriaenssens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.12.017","article-title":"Health among Hospital Employees in Europe: A Cross-National Study of the Impact of Work Stress and Work Control","volume":"72","author":"Pisljar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franklin, P., and Gkiouleka, A. (2021). A Scoping Review of Psychosocial Risks to Health Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052453"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.01496.x","article-title":"A Model of Burnout and Life Satisfaction amongst Nurses","volume":"32","author":"Demerouti","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-021-00628-6","article-title":"Depression among Healthcare Workers in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Abraham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2307\/2392855","article-title":"Predictors of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in Human Service Organizations","volume":"33","author":"Glisson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Adm. Sci. Q."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portoghese, I., Galletta, M., Leiter, M.P., Finco, G., D\u2019aloja, E., and Campagna, M. (2020). Job Demand\u2013Control\u2013Support Latent Profiles and Their Relationships with Interpersonal Stressors, Job Burnout, and Intrinsic Work Motivation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249430"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1177\/0733464813495472","article-title":"The Different Facets of Work Stress: A Latent Profile Analysis of Nurses\u2019 Work Demands","volume":"34","author":"Jenull","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13430","article-title":"Psychosocial Working Conditions of Shiftworking Nurses: A Long-Term Latent Transition Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Bujacz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Manag."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726712456407","article-title":"Job Types and Job Quality in Europe","volume":"66","author":"Holman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Relat."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1037\/ocp0000087","article-title":"Psychosocial Working Conditions among High-Skilled Workers: A Latent Transition Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Bujacz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/0267837031000108149","article-title":"Learning New Behaviour Patterns: A Longitudinal Test of Karasek\u2019s Active Learning Hypothesis among Dutch Teachers","volume":"17","author":"Taris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1108\/ER-02-2016-0034","article-title":"Good Employees through Good Jobs: A Latent Profile Analysis of Job Types and Employee Outcomes in the Belgian Electricity Sector","volume":"39","author":"Ramioul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Empl. Relat."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1108\/CDI-12-2016-0215","article-title":"Highly Engaged but Burned out: Intra-Individual Profiles in the US Workforce","volume":"23","author":"Moeller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Career Dev. Int."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00844730","article-title":"The Patterning of Psychological Attributes and Distress by \u201cJob Strain\u201d and Social Support in a Sample of Working Men","volume":"15","author":"Landsbergis","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoijtink, H. (2011). Informative Hypotheses: Theory and Practice for Behavioral and Social Scientists, Chapman and Hall\/CRC.","DOI":"10.1201\/b11158"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"INAIL (2018). The Methodology for the Assessment and Management of Work-Related Stress Risk, Tipolitografia INAIL."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"INAIL (2022). La Metodologia per La Valutazione e Gestione Del Rischio Stress Lavoro-Correlato. Modulo Contestualizzato Al Settore Sanitario, Tipolitografia INAIL."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"392","article-title":"Work-Related Stress Risk Assessment in Italy: The Validation Study of Health Safety and Executive Indicator Tool","volume":"34","author":"Rondinone","year":"2012","journal-title":"G. Ital. Med. Lav. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.9.1.61","article-title":"Customer-Related Social Stressors and Burnout","volume":"9","author":"Dormann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13594320500412199","article-title":"On the Positive and Negative Effects of Emotion Work in Organizations","volume":"15","author":"Zapf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burn.2014.07.002","article-title":"Interpersonal Strain at Work: A New Burnout Facet Relevant for the Health of Hospital Staff","volume":"1","author":"Consiglio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Burn. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428115621148","article-title":"Multiple-Group Analysis of Similarity in Latent Profile Solutions","volume":"19","author":"Morin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Hancock, G.R., and Mueller, R.O. (2013). Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Second Course, IAP Information Age Publishing."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327906MBR3601_05","article-title":"An Overview of Analytic Rotation in Exploratory Factor Analysis","volume":"36","author":"Browne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02296196","article-title":"Regression among Factor Scores","volume":"66","author":"Skrondal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, L.K., and Muth\u00e9n, B.O. (2017). Mplus Statistical Analysis With Latent Variables: User\u2019s Guide, Muthen & Muthen."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Clark, S., and Muth\u00e9n, B.O. (2023, January 02). Relating Latent Class Analysis Results to Variables Not Included in the Analysis. Available online: https:\/\/www.statmodel.com\/download\/relatinglca.pdf."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396","article-title":"Deciding on the Number of Classes in Latent Class Analysis and Growth Mixture Modeling: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study","volume":"14","author":"Nylund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510903008220","article-title":"Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling, Integrating CFA and EFA: Application to Students\u2019 Evaluations of University Teaching","volume":"16","author":"Marsh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"JASP Team (2019). Version 0.15, JASP."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/bmsp.12145","article-title":"Bayesian Evaluation of Informative Hypotheses for Multiple Populations","volume":"72","author":"Hoijtink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B.G., and Fidell, L.S. (2012). Using Multivariate Statistics, Pearson. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2834.2009.01028.x","article-title":"Hospital Nurses\u2019 Job Satisfaction: A Literature Review","volume":"17","author":"Utriainen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Manag."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s12646-013-0184-z","article-title":"Beyond Pro-Social Behaviour: An Exploration of Altruism in Two Cultures","volume":"58","author":"Negri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Stud. Mysore"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01347","article-title":"The Importance of Context in Screening in Occupational Health Interventions in Organizations: A Mixed Methods Study","volume":"8","author":"Vignoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Tecco, C., Nielsen, K., Ghelli, M., Ronchetti, M., Marzocchi, I., Persechino, B., and Iavicoli, S. (2020). Improving Working Conditions and Job Satisfaction in Healthcare: A Study Concept Design on a Participatory Organizational Level Intervention in Psychosocial Risks Management. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103677"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"ILO (2020). Managing Work-Related Psychosocial Risks During The COVID-19 Pandemic, ILO."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114987","article-title":"The Impact of National Legislation on Psychosocial Risks on Organisational Action Plans, Psychosocial Working Conditions, and Employee Work-Related Stress in Europe","volume":"302","author":"Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2014.03.014","article-title":"Is Psychosocial Risk Prevention Possible? Deconstructing Common Presumptions","volume":"71","author":"Leka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"1","article-title":"Do Italian Companies Manage Work-Related Stress Effectively? A Process Evaluation in Implementing the INAIL Methodology","volume":"2015","author":"Ronchetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Holman, D., Johnson, S., and O\u2019connor, E. (2018). Stress Management Interventions: Improving Subjective Psychological Well-Being in the Workplace Stress Management Interventions: A Typology and Description. Handbook of Well-Being, DEF Publishers."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726716670226","article-title":"What Works for Whom in Which Circumstances? On the Need to Move beyond the \u2018What Works?\u2019 Question in Organizational Intervention Research","volume":"70","author":"Nielsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Relat."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/2\/967\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:59:39Z","timestamp":1760119179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/2\/967"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20020967"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20020967","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]}}}