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the molecular mechanisms underlying methylmercury toxicity are not entirely understood, the observed neurotoxicity in early-life is attributed to the covalent binding of methylmercury to sulfhydryl (thiol) groups of proteins and other molecules being able to affect protein post-translational modifications from numerous molecular pathways, such as glutamate signaling, heat-shock chaperones and the antioxidant glutaredoxin\/glutathione system. However, for other organomercurials such as ethylmercury or thimerosal, there is not much information available. Therefore, this review critically discusses current knowledge about organomercurials neurotoxicity\u2014both methylmercury and ethylmercury\u2014following intrauterine and childhood exposure, as well as the prospects and future needs for research in this area. Contrasting with the amount of epidemiological evidence available for methylmercury, there are only a few in vivo studies reporting neurotoxic outcomes and mechanisms of toxicity for ethylmercury or thimerosal. There is also a lack of studies on mechanistic approaches to better investigate the pathways involved in the potential neurotoxicity caused by both organomercurials. More impactful follow-up studies, especially following intrauterine and childhood exposure to ethylmercury, are necessary. Childhood vaccination is critically important for controlling infectious diseases; however, the safety of mercury-containing thimerosal and, notably, its effectiveness as preservative in vaccines are still under debate regarding its potential dose-response effects to the central nervous system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T01:36:17Z","timestamp":1673228177000},"page":"1070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Evidence on Neurotoxicity after Intrauterine and Childhood Exposure to Organomercurials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2648-8943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Karpova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7893-758X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2498-0619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Barbosa Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8732-7908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glenda","family":"Gobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Disease Research Group, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7041-6923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Hornos Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(74)90038-9","article-title":"Methylmercury exposure, mercury levels in blood and hair, and health status in Swedes consuming contaminated fish","volume":"2","author":"Skerfving","year":"1974","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2003-1176-L","article-title":"Thimerosal exposure in infants and developmental disorders: A prospective cohort study in the United Kingdom does not support a causal association","volume":"114","author":"Heron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-016-9967-8","article-title":"Mini-review: Toxicity of mercury as a consequence of enzyme alteration","volume":"29","author":"Ynalvez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-6513(03)00060-5","article-title":"Cases of mercury exposure, bioavailability, and absorption","volume":"56","author":"Gochfeld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. 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