{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:44:28Z","timestamp":1760147068157,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]],"date-time":"2023-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities of the Government of Spain","award":["FPU19\/04089","ACIF\/2021\/383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU19\/04089","ACIF\/2021\/383"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Ministry of Innovation, Universities, Science and Digital Society of Generalitat Valenciana, and the European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU19\/04089","ACIF\/2021\/383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU19\/04089","ACIF\/2021\/383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche","award":["FPU19\/04089","ACIF\/2021\/383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU19\/04089","ACIF\/2021\/383"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An assessment of the different aspects of tobacco addiction is central to adapting interventions to the profiles and needs of smokers. The Glover\u2013Nilsson Smoking Behavioral Questionnaire (GN-SBQ) is one of the few and most used scales to evaluate the behavioral aspects of tobacco addiction. However, few studies involve the validation of the GN-SBQ in clinical settings. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the GN-SBQ in a sample of Spanish smokers. A total of 341 smokers attending clinical services in Spain participated in this cross-sectional study. Measures included the psychological factors related to tobacco addiction, assessed with the GN-SBQ, the physical factors of nicotine addiction, withdrawal symptoms, smoking-related variables, and alcohol use. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, internal consistency coefficients, confirmatory factor analyses, Spearman correlations, and the Kruskal\u2013Wallis test. The GN-SBQ showed adequate reliability (\u03b1\u00a0= 0.76 and \u03c9\u00a0= 0.76) and a unidimensional structure. GN-SBQ scores also provided evidence of convergent and concurrent validity. GN-SBQ scores significantly correlated with the physical symptoms of addiction, age, number of cigarettes, and withdrawal symptoms. The results of discriminant validity were also adequate, as no correlation was observed between GN-SBQ scores and CO levels or alcohol use. Significant differences were found between all levels of psychological addiction based on the GN-SBQ scores regarding physical nicotine addiction, withdrawal symptoms, and age. Thus, this questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument to assess the psychological aspects of tobacco addiction in smokers in clinical settings. The short length of the GN-SBQ proves advantageous for its use in time-limited assessments, which are common in public health services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T01:36:17Z","timestamp":1673228177000},"page":"1119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Validation of the Glover\u2013Nilsson Smoking Behavioral Questionnaire (GN-SBQ) to Evaluate Nicotine Dependence in Spanish Clinical Settings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4602-8941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Carballo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Psychology, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University, Avenida Universidad, s\/n, 03202 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Psychology, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University, Avenida Universidad, s\/n, 03202 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Sancho-Domingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Psychology, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University, Avenida Universidad, s\/n, 03202 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0857-9104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ainhoa","family":"Coloma-Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Psychology, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University, Avenida Universidad, s\/n, 03202 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01169-7","article-title":"Spatial, Temporal, and Demographic Patterns in Prevalence of Smoking Tobacco Use and Attributable Disease Burden in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990\u20132019: A Systematic Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"397","author":"Reitsma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14234","article-title":"Global Statistics on Alcohol, Tobacco and Illicit Drug Use: 2017 Status Report","volume":"113","author":"Peacock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Observatorio Espa\u00f1ol de las Drogas y las Adicciones (2022, October 28). Report 2021. Alcohol, Tobacco and Illegal Drugs in Spain. Available online: https:\/\/pnsd.sanidad.gob.es\/profesionales\/sistemasInformacion\/sistemaInformacion\/pdf\/2019-20_Informe_EDADES.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2022, October 28). World Health Organization WHO Global Report on Trends in Prevalence of Tobacco Use 2000-2025, Third Edition. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/who-global-report-on-trends-in-prevalence-of-tobacco-use-2000-2025-third-edition."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0809890","article-title":"Nicotine Addiction","volume":"362","author":"Benowitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2411-4","article-title":"Does Progression through the Stages of Physical Addiction Indicate Increasing Overall Addiction to Tobacco?","volume":"219","author":"DiFranza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.2753\/IMH0020-7411400102","article-title":"Nicotine Addiction: Mechanisms and Consequences","volume":"40","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108200","article-title":"Reducing the Relative Value of Cigarettes: Considerations for Nicotine and Non-Nicotine Factors","volume":"175","author":"White","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2017.09.009","article-title":"21st Century Neurobehavioral Theories of Decision Making in Addiction: Review and Evaluation","volume":"164","author":"Bickel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2217709","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.17709","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Varenicline for Smoking Cessation in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Russo","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701615","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01615-2017","article-title":"Are We Addressing Relevant Determinants of Smoking Cessation?","volume":"50","author":"Caponnetto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(78)90024-2","article-title":"Measuring Degree of Physical Dependence to Tobacco Smoking with Reference to Individualization of Treatment","volume":"3","year":"1978","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220042000202481","article-title":"The Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale: A Multidimensional Measure of Nicotine Dependence","volume":"6","author":"Shiffman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.29.5.7","article-title":"Developmental History of the Glover-Nilsson Smoking Behavioral Questionnaire","volume":"29","author":"Glover","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Behav."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.38.6.1","article-title":"Validation of the Glover-Nilsson Smoking Behavioral Questionnaire for the Portuguese Population: A Psychometric Process","volume":"38","author":"Rocha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-016-9588-1","article-title":"Psychometric Testing of the Chinese-Version Glover-Nilsson Smoking Behavioral Questionnaire (GN-SBQ-C) for the Identification of Nicotine Dependence in Adult Smokers in Taiwan","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.37.3.3","article-title":"Reliability and Validity of the Glover-Nilsson Smoking Behavioral Questionnaire","volume":"37","author":"Rath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Behav."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bully, P., Sanchez, A., Grandes, G., Pombo, H., Arietalenizbeaskoa, M.S., Arce, V., and Martinez, C. (2016). Metric Properties of the \u201cPrescribe Healthy Life\u201d Screening Questionnaire to Detect Healthy Behaviors: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study. BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3898-8"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00109610","article-title":"Effect of a Nicotine-Free Inhalator as Part of a Smoking-Cessation Programme","volume":"38","author":"Caponnetto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"373","article-title":"Effectiveness of a Multi-Component Smoking Cessation Support Programme (McSCSP) for Patients with Severe Mental Disorders: Study Design","volume":"11","author":"Saiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.05.011","article-title":"It Is Feasible and Effective to Help Patients with Severe Mental Disorders to Quit Smoking: An Ecological Pragmatic Clinical Trial with Transdermal Nicotine Patches and Varenicline","volume":"176","author":"Sarramea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24506","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.24506","article-title":"Impact of a Soft Tip Nicotine-Free Harmless Cigarette as Part of a Smoking Cessation Program with Psychological Support and Varenicline: An Integrated Workplace Smoking Cessation Intervention","volume":"9","author":"Maglia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1157\/13078651","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de la dependencia psicol\u00f3gica mediante el test de Glover-Nilsson en el tratamiento del tabaquismo","volume":"41","author":"Crucelaegui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"e201907044","article-title":"El Control Del Tabaquismo En Espa\u00f1a: Situaci\u00f3n Actual y Prioridades","volume":"93","author":"Suelves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. De Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.03.013","article-title":"A Comparison of the Autonomy over Tobacco Scale and the Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence","volume":"37","author":"DiFranza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179173X21998355","DOI":"10.1177\/1179173X21998355","article-title":"A 5-Factor Framework for Assessing Tobacco Use Disorder","volume":"14","author":"Bucklin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tob. Use Insights"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"230","article-title":"Craving and Nicotine Withdrawal in a Spanish Smoking Cessation Sample","volume":"26","author":"Martinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adicciones"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.10.020","article-title":"Dependence and Motivation to Stop Smoking as Predictors of Success of a Quit Attempt among Smokers Seeking Help to Quit","volume":"53","author":"Ussher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"7","article-title":"Diez pasos para la construcci\u00f3n de un test","volume":"31","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1455","article-title":"The Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence in a Spanish Sample","volume":"83","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(02)00236-8","article-title":"A Study of the Psychometric Properties of the Fagestrom Test for Nicotine Dependence","volume":"28","author":"Chabrol","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.015","article-title":"A Comparison of the Content-, Construct- and Predictive Validity of the Cigarette Dependence Scale and the Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence","volume":"77","author":"Etter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"126","article-title":"The Short Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS-S) in Spanish smokers","volume":"23","author":"Castro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.017","article-title":"The Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale in Finnish Smokers","volume":"89","author":"Broms","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200802097563","article-title":"Assessing Dimensions of Nicotine Dependence: An Evaluation of the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS) and the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM)","volume":"10","author":"Piper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800030107013","article-title":"Signs and Symptoms of Tobacco Withdrawal","volume":"43","author":"Hughes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vhri.2013.09.001","article-title":"Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Malay Version of the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale","volume":"3","author":"Blebil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Value Health Reg. Issues"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1159\/000477491","article-title":"Factor Analysis and Psychometric Properties of the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale and the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale-Revised: Italian Version","volume":"23","author":"Svicher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Addict. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.21.2.216","article-title":"Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale","volume":"21","author":"Toll","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1601-140","article-title":"Exhaled Carbon Monoxide Is a Marker of Heavy Nicotine Dependence","volume":"46","author":"Karalezli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","article-title":"Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption-II","volume":"88","author":"Saunders","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.20882\/adicciones.613","article-title":"Test para la identificaci\u00f3n de transtornos por uso de alcohol (AUDIT): Traducci\u00f3n y validaci\u00f3n del AUDIT al catal\u00e1n y castellano","volume":"11","author":"Farran","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adicciones"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"11","article-title":"Validation of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in primary care","volume":"198","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Clin. Esp."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"Lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192993","article-title":"Methods for the Behavioral, Educational, and Social Sciences: An R Package","volume":"39","author":"Kelley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kallner, A. (2018). Handbook of Formulas and Terms. Laboratory Statistics, Elsevier. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814348-3.00001-0"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Ebel, R., and Frisbie, D. (1991). Essentials of Educational Measurement, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Nunnally, J., Jum, N., Bernstein, I.H., and Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric Theory, McGraw-Hill. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.12804\/revistas.urosario.edu.co\/apl\/a.4932","article-title":"Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Ordinal Variables: A Simulation Study Comparing the Main Estimation Methods","volume":"36","year":"2018","journal-title":"Av. En Psicol. Latinoam."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. A Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.2.130","article-title":"Power Analysis and Determination of Sample Size for Covariance Structure Modeling","volume":"1","author":"MacCallum","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1080\/00220973.1996.10806604","article-title":"Assessing Goodness of Fit","volume":"64","author":"Marsh","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Educ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294623","article-title":"Model Modification","volume":"54","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/00220973.2010.531299","article-title":"Using the Modification Index and Standardized Expected Parameter Change for Model Modification","volume":"80","author":"Whittaker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Educ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.3.286","article-title":"Factor Analysis in the Development and Refinement of Clinical Assessment Instruments","volume":"7","author":"Floyd","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00821.x","article-title":"The High Cost of Complexity in Experimental Design and Data Analysis: Type I and Type II Error Rates in Multiway ANOVA","volume":"28","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Commun. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2013.64.5.402","article-title":"The Prevention and Handling of the Missing Data","volume":"64","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2019.01.026","article-title":"Smoking Detection Based on Regularity Analysis of Hand to Mouth Gestures","volume":"51","author":"Senyurek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.09.018","article-title":"Structural Equation Modelling: Adjudging Model Fit","volume":"42","author":"Barrett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"23","article-title":"Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness-of-Fit Measures","volume":"8","author":"Moosbrugger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Methods Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2014-051594","article-title":"Predicting Decreases in Smoking with a Cigarette Purchase Task: Evidence from an Excise Tax Rise in New Zealand","volume":"24","author":"Grace","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajtas.20160501.11","article-title":"Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling","volume":"5","author":"Etikan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Theor. Appl. Stat."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/2\/1119\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:03:32Z","timestamp":1760119412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/2\/1119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20021119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20021119","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]]}}}