{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T10:38:46Z","timestamp":1784111926342,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines 0.6 N\u20134.8 N as the maximum orthodontic force to be applied to dental pulp and apical NVB on intact and 1\u20138 mm reduced periodontal-ligament (PDL), in connection with movement and ischemic, necrotic and resorptive risk. In addition, it examines whether the Tresca finite-element-analysis (FEA) criterion is more adequate for the examination of dental pulp and its apical NVB. Eighty-one (nine patients, with nine models for each patient) anatomically correct models of the periodontium, with the second lower-premolar reconstructed with its apical NVB and dental pulp were assembled, based on X-ray CBCT (cone-beam-computed-tomography) examinations and subjected to 0.6 N, 1.2 N, 2.4 N and 4.8 N of intrusion, extrusion, translation, rotation, and tipping. The Tresca failure criterion was applied, and the shear stress was assessed. Forces of 0.6 N, 1.2 N, and 2.4 N had negligible effects on apical NVB and dental pulp up to 8 mm of periodontal breakdown. A force of 4.8 N was safely applied to apical NVB on the intact periodontium only. Rotation and tipping seemed to be the most invasive movements for the apical NVB. For the dental pulp, only the translation and rotation movements seemed to display a particular risk of ischemia, necrosis, and internal orthodontic-resorption for both coronal (0\u20138 mm of loss) and radicular pulp (4\u20138 mm of loss), despite the amount of stress being lower than the MHP. The Tresca failure criterion seems more suitable than other criteria for apical NVB and dental pulp.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T01:30:47Z","timestamp":1673314247000},"page":"1179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Assessment of the Maximum Amount of Orthodontic Force for Dental Pulp and Apical Neuro-Vascular Bundle in Intact and Reduced Periodontium on Bicuspids (Part II)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8043-2310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu Andrei","family":"Moga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cariology, Endodontics and Oral Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. Motilor 33, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian Doru","family":"Olteanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. Avram Iancu 31, 400083 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mircea","family":"Botez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Str. Memorandumului 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan Marius","family":"Buru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Str. Memorandumului 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.05.018","article-title":"Finite element analysis of the dental pulp under orthodontic forces","volume":"155","author":"Moga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moga, R.A., Buru, S.M., and Olteanu, C.D. (2022). Assessment of the Best FEA Failure Criteria (Part I): Investigation of the Biomechanical Behavior of PDL in Intact and Reduced Periodontium. Int. J. Environ. Res. 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