{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:11:22Z","timestamp":1791313882151,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GuangDong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation\u2013Natural Science Foundation","award":["51708127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51708127"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51708127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51708127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Program of Study Abroad for Excellent Teachers at Guangdong University of Technology","award":["51708127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51708127"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>People are increasingly concerned with natural environment quality (NEQ) as well as recreation services (RS) as the popularity of natural experiences grows. Specifically, public spaces in ecologically sensitive areas must achieve coordinated eco-recreational development. Waterfront spaces fall into this category, providing a high-quality natural environment and facilitating various recreational activities. This paper uses two waterfront spaces, Foshan New City Riverfront Park and Nanhai Qiandeng Lake Park, as sample sites, divides 22 waterfront space samples into specific research objects, introduces dual variables for RS function and NEQ, and uses mathematical and statistical methods, such as Pearson correlation analysis, coupling coordination degree calculation, and redundancy analysis, to investigate the influence of different waterfront spaces on RS function and NEQ. Finally, we propose an optimization strategy for coupling and coordinating the development of the RS function and the NEQ of waterfront space. This paper found the following: (1) RS (number of public facilities) and natural environment quality (shoreline curvature) are the dominant factors in the vitality of waterfront space; (2) optimization of RS function will restrict the development of NEQ to a certain extent; and (3) the coupling and coordination of NEQ and RS function are positively related to the vitality of waterfront space. This study can be valuable for government officials and waterfront space planners as they develop social\u2013ecological synergy models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T01:30:47Z","timestamp":1673314247000},"page":"1196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["How Do Ecological and Recreational Features of Waterfront Space Affect Its Vitality? Developing Coupling Coordination and Enhancing Waterfront Vitality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Lihua","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Landscape Planning and Ecological Restoration Research Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Landscape Planning and Ecological Restoration Research Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"The changing urban morphology: Waterfront redevelopment and event tourism in New Zealand","volume":"15","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tour. Manag. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2021.127042","article-title":"River-city recreational interaction: A classification of urban riverfront parks and walks","volume":"59","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2021.127043","article-title":"Environmental and social benefits, and their coupling coordination in urban wetland parks","volume":"60","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2022.127648","article-title":"Evaluating the risk of accessing green spaces in COVID-19 pandemic: A model for public urban green spaces (PUGS) in London","volume":"74","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2021.127257","article-title":"Outdoor recreation and nature\u2019s contribution to well-being in a pandemic situation\u2014Case Turku, Finland","volume":"64","author":"Fagerholm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Huang, J., Shi, T., and Wang, H. (2021). Interaction of Urban Rivers and Green Space Morphology to Mitigate the Urban Heat Island Effect: Case-Based Comparative Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111404"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2019.103651","article-title":"Differential cooling effects of landscape parameters in humid-subtropical urban parks","volume":"192","author":"Cheung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meenar, M., Heckert, M., and Adlakha, D. (2022). \u201cGreen Enough Ain\u2019t Good Enough\u201d: Public Perceptions and Emotions Related to Green Infrastructure in Environmental Justice Communities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031448"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2020.105857","article-title":"Evaluating seaweed farming as an eco-engineering strategy for \u2018blue\u2019 shoreline infrastructure","volume":"152","author":"Heery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2021.106335","article-title":"The ecological waterfront design for Bufo bankorensis by using artificial neural network methods","volume":"170","author":"Chuang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.01.068","article-title":"Physical and Social Aspects of Vitality Case Study: Traditional Street and Modern Street in Tehran","volume":"170","author":"Zarin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2018.12.001","article-title":"Preferences for urban stream landscapes: Opportunities to promote unmanaged riparian vegetation","volume":"38","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2022.127713","article-title":"How do urban park features affect cultural ecosystem services: Quantified evidence for design practices","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medeiros, E., Brand\u00e3o, A., Pinto, P.T., and Lopes, S.S. (2021). Urban Planning Policies to the Renewal of Riverfront Areas: The Lisbon Metropolis Case. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13105665"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jansson, M., Herbert, E., Zalar, A., and Johansson, M. (2022). Child-Friendly Environments\u2014What, How and by Whom?. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14084852"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2021.127251","article-title":"Usage and perception of urban green space of older adults in the high-density city of Hong Kong","volume":"64","author":"Lau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, S., Kondolf, G., and Li, D. (2018). Urban River Transformation and the Landscape Garden City Movement in China. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10114103"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2011.12.008","article-title":"Assessing a riverfront rehabilitation project using the comprehensive index of public accessibility","volume":"40","author":"Che","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"107014","article-title":"Coupling coordination analysis and spatiotemporal heterogeneity between urbanization and ecosystem health in Chongqing municipality, China","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2022.106119","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variation and coupling coordination relationship between urbanisation and habitat quality in the Grand Canal, China","volume":"117","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103197","article-title":"What influenced the vitality of the waterfront open space? A case study of Huangpu River in Shanghai, China","volume":"114","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45787","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-10419-6","article-title":"Citizens\u2019 preferences and attitudes towards urban waterfront spaces: A case study of Qiantang riverside development","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foar.2021.07.001","article-title":"Vitality evaluation of the waterfront space in the ancient city of Suzhou","volume":"10","author":"Niu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Archit. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2021.127027","article-title":"Natural outdoor environments and subjective well-being in Guangzhou, China: Comparing different measures of access","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1959.2-133","article-title":"A notation system for the description of behavioral procedures","volume":"2","author":"Mechner","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Exp. Anal. Behav."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-014-0970-8","article-title":"General correlation analysis: A new algorithm and application","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-014-0356-5","article-title":"Topics in constrained and unconstrained ordination","volume":"216","author":"Braak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111885","article-title":"Spatio-temporal changes in habitat quality and linkage with landscape characteristics in the Beressa watershed, Blue Nile basin of Ethiopian highlands","volume":"281","author":"Yohannes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.03.035","article-title":"Regression analysis for prediction of residential energy consumption","volume":"47","author":"Fumo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cta.2012.0171","article-title":"Coupled-least-squares identification for multivariable systems","volume":"7","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"IET Control Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin-Lopez, B., Iniesta-Arandia, I., Garcia-Llorente, M., Palomo, I., Casado-Arzuaga, I., Amo, D.G., Gomez-Baggethun, E., Oteros-Rozas, E., Palacios-Agundez, I., and Willaarts, B. (2012). Uncovering ecosystem service bundles through social preferences. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038970"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Chen, W., Xie, S.M., Azzari, G., and Lobell, D.B. (2020). Weakly Supervised Deep Learning for Segmentation of Remote Sensing Imagery. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12020207"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2022.127731","article-title":"Evaluating the accessibility of urban parks and waterfronts through online map services: A case study of Shaoxing, China","volume":"77","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dal Cin, F., Hooimeijer, F., and Matos Silva, M. (2021). Planning the Urban Waterfront Transformation, from Infrastructures to Public Space Design in a Sea-Level Rise Scenario: The European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture Case. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13020218"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"7","article-title":"Effects of coupled coordination of habitat quality and recreation services on the vitality of waterfront spaces","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Urban For."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"40","article-title":"Influence of waterfront public space elements on residency vitality and countermeasures\u2014An example of two typical waterfront areas in Shanghai Huangpu River","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban Archit."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progress.2015.06.001","article-title":"Pursuing design excellence: Urban design governance on Toronto\u2019s waterfront","volume":"110","author":"White","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Plan."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/2\/1196\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:05:06Z","timestamp":1760119506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/2\/1196"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20021196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20021196","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]}}}