{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T11:05:49Z","timestamp":1788606349764,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucosal inflammatory disease associated with T-cell-mediated immunological dysfunction. Symptomatic OLP is a painful condition, and complete healing is often not achieved. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of topical drugs, medications, and other interventions compared to placebo or to other treatments in pain reduction and clinical resolution in adult patients with symptomatic OLP. A detailed electronic literature search was performed through the MEDLINE (PubMed) database between 1 January 2005 and 30 September 2022. Eligible studies were selected based on the inclusion criteria, and a quality assessment was conducted. From 649 titles, 121 articles were selected as abstracts, 75 papers were assessed as full text, along with 15 other papers obtained through a manual search. A total of 15 RCTs were finally included in the review process. Because of the significant heterogeneity in the study design of the included studies, no meta-analysis of the data could be performed. Topical corticosteroids represent the first-line treatment in the management of symptomatic OLP due to their efficacy and minimal adverse effects. Calcineurin inhibitors seem to be equally effective and are indicated in recalcitrant cases, extensive lesions, patients susceptible to oral candidiasis, or cases unresponsive to corticosteroids. Other treatments, such as aloe vera, chamomile, isotretinoin, ozone, and laser therapy, could be beneficial as adjunct therapies in association with first-line treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T01:30:47Z","timestamp":1673314247000},"page":"1202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Efficacy of Topical Treatments for the Management of Symptomatic Oral Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5673-7544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Serafini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Via Caserta 6, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"De Biase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Via Caserta 6, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4395-116X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Lamazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Via Caserta 6, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Mazzucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Via Caserta 6, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8182-5618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Lollobrigida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Via Caserta 6, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/000163501750266774","article-title":"Immune mechanisms in oral lichen planus","volume":"59","author":"Thornhill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. 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