{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:41:48Z","timestamp":1790167308074,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"COBRE on Opioids and Overdose","award":["P20GM125507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM125507"]}]},{"name":"COBRE on Opioids and Overdose","award":["F31MH126796"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31MH126796"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM125507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM125507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31MH126796"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31MH126796"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drug overdoses were a leading cause of injury and death in the United States in 2021. Solitary drug use and solitary overdose deaths have remained persistent challenges warranting additional attention throughout the overdose epidemic. The goal of this narrative review is to describe recent global innovations in overdose detection technologies (ODT) enabling rapid responses to overdose events, especially for people who use drugs alone. We found that only a small number of technologies designed to assist in overdose detection and response are currently commercially available, though several are in the early stages of development. Research, development, and scale-up of practical, cost-effective ODTs remains a public health imperative. Equipping places where people live, learn, work, worship, and play with the necessary tools to detect and prevent overdose deaths could complement ongoing overdose prevention efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T01:33:12Z","timestamp":1673400792000},"page":"1230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Overdose Detection Technologies to Reduce Solitary Overdose Deaths: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9802-6668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexa Rose","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritikraj","family":"Arya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph G.","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6451-2679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harm Reduction Innovation Lab, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3019-0549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph","family":"Welwean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Tardif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harm Reduction Innovation Lab, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josiah D.","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA"},{"name":"Center of Biomedical Research Excellence on Opioids and Overdose, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA"},{"name":"Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6490-9887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju Nyeong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harm Reduction Innovation Lab, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA"},{"name":"Center of Biomedical Research Excellence on Opioids and Overdose, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA"},{"name":"Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2022, August 04). 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