{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:34:24Z","timestamp":1792175664404,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: High blood pressure is an important public health problem due to its high prevalence, the difficulty to control it, and its high contribution to morbidity. A series of changes may be linked to the aging process, compromising cardiac conduction, and reducing cardiovascular baroreceptor function. Advancing age promotes a decline in heart rate variability and this decrease can increase the probability of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the autonomic modulation of heart rate in hypertensive elderly individuals during and after a session of aerobic exercise, and to compare it with elderly individuals without cardiovascular or metabolic disease. Our study was a non-randomized controlled study with hypertensive elderly (HBP group) and elderly without cardiovascular and\/or metabolic diseases (control group). Data on blood pressure and heart rate variability (HRV) were collected before, during, and after 30 min of aerobic physical exercise on a treadmill. There was a reduction in HF (ms2) and SD1 (ms) in the 5 min of recovery for the elderly in the control group. The elderly in the control group also had greater RMSSD and SD1 30 min post-exercise when compared to the initial mins of recovery. We concluded that there was no difference in autonomic modulation and global heart rate variability between elderly individuals without cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and hypertensive individuals after a bout of aerobic exercise. Elderly individuals without metabolic diseases showed a decrease in parasympathetic modulation and global variability between the time of rest and 5 min of recovery. However, up to 30 min of post-exercise recovery, they restored parasympathetic activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T01:33:12Z","timestamp":1673400792000},"page":"1292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cardiac Behavior and Heart Rate Variability in Elderly Hypertensive Individuals during Aerobic Exercise: A Non-Randomized Controlled Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Paulo Evaristo","family":"de Andrade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Delineamento de Estudos e Escrita Cient\u00edfica, Centro Universit\u00e1rio FMABC, S\u00e3o Paulo 09060-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Zangirolami-Raimundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Delineamento de Estudos e Escrita Cient\u00edfica, Centro Universit\u00e1rio FMABC, S\u00e3o Paulo 09060-590, Brazil"},{"name":"Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetr\u00edcia e Ginecologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5101-2883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tassiane Cristina","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Ci\u00eancias da Santa Casa de Miseric\u00f3rdia de Vit\u00f3ria (EMESCAM), Vitoria 29045-402, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7618-2109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Carlos","family":"De Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o Integrada em Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Vit\u00f3ria 29040-090, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8993-3031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Eduardo","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban Planning and Community Development, School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5475-5957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel Cristina Esposito","family":"Sorpreso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetr\u00edcia e Ginecologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0774-9404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Maria","family":"Soares J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetr\u00edcia e Ginecologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3043-0728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Daminello","family":"Raimundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Delineamento de Estudos e Escrita Cient\u00edfica, Centro Universit\u00e1rio FMABC, S\u00e3o Paulo 09060-590, Brazil"},{"name":"Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetr\u00edcia e Ginecologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015eahin, B., and Ilg\u00fcn, G. (2020). Risk factors of deaths related to cardiovascular diseases in World Health Organization (WHO) member countries. Health Soc. Care Community, epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13156"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.12.039","article-title":"Fitness and Mortality Among Persons 70 Years and Older Across the Spectrum of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Burden: The FIT Project","volume":"96","author":"Whelton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.2735","article-title":"Effect of Exercise Training on Ambulatory Blood Pressure among Patients with Resistant Hypertension: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"6","author":"Lopes","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.6524","article-title":"General Health Checks in Adult Primary Care","volume":"325","author":"Liss","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/13814788.2020.1760836","article-title":"Feasibility of implementing a preventive physical exercise programme recommended by general practitioners in cardiovascular risk patients: A pre-post comparison study","volume":"26","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gen. Pr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2011.162","article-title":"Physical exercise improves cardiac autonomic modulation in hypertensive patients independently of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment","volume":"35","author":"Cozza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"202","article-title":"Wp\u0142yw wysi\u0142ku fizycznego na parametry zmienno\u015bci rytmu serca [The influence of physical exercise on heart rate variability]","volume":"14","author":"Gajek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pol Merkur Lekarski."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2008.01897.x","article-title":"Cardiac autonomic function and baroreflex changes following 4 weeks of resistance versus aerobic training in individuals with pre-hypertension","volume":"195","author":"Collier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2008.01.007","article-title":"Effects of fitness and age on the response to vagotonic atropine","volume":"139","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.11.1392","article-title":"Heart Rate Recovery and Treadmill Exercise Score as Predictors of Mortality in Patients Referred for Exercise ECG","volume":"284","author":"Nishime","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"748","article-title":"Changes in the autonomic control of the cardiovascular system in human aging. meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Kuzmenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12170","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Physical Activity on Baroreflex Control in the Elderly","volume":"19","author":"Pinna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R3","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00031.2007","article-title":"Effect of aging on baroreflex function in humans","volume":"293","author":"Monahan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-008-8034-1","article-title":"Autonomic Control of the Aging Heart","volume":"10","author":"Kaye","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroMolecular Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1080\/08037051.2017.1354285","article-title":"Reduction of heart rate variability in hypertensive elderly","volume":"26","author":"Paiva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Press."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-013-0263-4","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability in Stroke Patients Submitted to an Acute Bout of Aerobic Exercise","volume":"4","author":"Raimundo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"45","article-title":"Validation of the International Physical Activity Questionaire (IPAQ-version 6): Pilot study in Brazilian young adults","volume":"9","author":"Pardini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ci\u00ean e Mov."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u00e2nia, R., Benedetti, B., Antunes, P.C., Rodriguez-A\u00f1ez, C.R., and Mazo GZ e Petroski, E.L. (2007). Reprodutibilidade e validade do Question\u00e1rio Internacional de Atividade F\u00edsica (IPAQ) em homens idosos. Rev. Bras. Med. Esporte, 13.","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-86922007000100004"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2008005000039","article-title":"Comparison of the Polar S810i monitor and the ECG for the analysis of heart rate variability in the time and frequency domains","volume":"41","author":"Vanderlei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333070-00004","article-title":"Heart rate monitoring: Applications and limitations","volume":"33","author":"Achten","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvn.2004.06.003","article-title":"Relationships among heart rate variability, hypertension, and relaxation techniques","volume":"22","author":"Terathongkum","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (1996). Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation, 93, 1043\u20131065."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31236","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031236","article-title":"Evaluation of autonomic cardiac modulation and body composition in elderly submitted to the protocol of exercise and the gametherapy: A clinical trial protocol (SPIRIT compliant)","volume":"101","author":"Thoma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-76382009000200018","article-title":"No\u00e7\u00f5es b\u00e1sicas de variabilidade da frequ\u00eancia card\u00edaca e sua aplicabilidade cl\u00ednica","volume":"24","author":"Vanderlei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. de Cir. Cardiovasc."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"514","article-title":"Heart rate variability: A noninvasive electrocardiographic method to measure the autonomic nervous system","volume":"134","author":"Sztajzel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000121956.76237.B5","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability in Sportive Elderly: Relationship with Daily Physical Activity","volume":"36","author":"Buchheit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"203","article-title":"Cardiac autonomic modulation in healthy elderly after different intensities of dynamic exercise","volume":"10","author":"Droguett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-86922003000200006","article-title":"Effects of aerobic training on heart rate","volume":"9","author":"Almeida","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. de Med. do Esport"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2016.07.002","article-title":"Exercise training-induced modification in autonomic nervous system: An update for cardiac patients","volume":"60","author":"Besnier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200010000-00011","article-title":"Relation between heart rate variability and training load in middle-distance runners","volume":"32","author":"Pichot","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2018.03.005","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability following Combined Aerobic and Resistance Training in Sedentary Hypertensive Women: A Randomised Control Trial","volume":"70","author":"Masroor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318196b637","article-title":"Clinic and Ambulatory Blood Pressure Responses after Resistance Exercise","volume":"23","author":"Queiroz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2002000800018","article-title":"Heart rate recovery after exercise: Relations to heart rate variability and complexity","volume":"35","author":"Javorka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raimundo, R.D., Zangirolami-Raimundo, J., Leone, C., de Carvalho, T.D., da Silva, T.D., Bezerra, I.M.P., de Almeida, A.D., Valenti, V.E., and de Abreu, L.C. (2021). The Use of Cardiac Autonomic Responses to Aerobic Exercise in Elderly Stroke Patients: Functional Rehabilitation as a Public Health Policy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111460"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00111","article-title":"Reduced Dietary Sodium Intake Increases Heart Rate. A Meta-Analysis of 63 Randomized Controlled Trials Including 72 Study Populations","volume":"7","author":"Graudal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murgia, F., Melotti, R., Foco, L., G\u00f6gele, M., Meraviglia, V., Motta, B., Steger, A., Toifl, M., Sinnecker, D., and M\u00fcller, A. (2019). Effects of smoking status, history and intensity on heart rate variability in the general population: The CHRIS study. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215053"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exercise Training Improves Heart Rate Recovery after Exercise in Hypertension","volume":"25","author":"Laterza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Motriz"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2016.86","article-title":"Heart rate recovery in hypertensive patients: Relationship with blood pressure control","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/2\/1292\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:06:31Z","timestamp":1760119591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/2\/1292"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20021292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20021292","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]}}}