{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T14:57:36Z","timestamp":1788188256745,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005501","name":"United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021197"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005501","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005501","name":"United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 ES023515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 ES023515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005501","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"Mount Sinai Transdisciplinary Center on Early Environmental Exposures","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021197"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"Mount Sinai Transdisciplinary Center on Early Environmental Exposures","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 ES023515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 ES023515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stroke is the second most common cause of death and disability in the world. Many studies have found fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure to be associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, mostly focusing on ischemic heart disease and acute myocardial infarction. In a national analysis conducted in Israel\u2014an area with unique climate conditions and high air pollution levels, we estimated the association between short-term PM2.5 exposure and ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Using the Israeli National Stroke Registry, we obtained information on all stroke cases across Israel in 2014\u20132018. We obtained daily PM2.5 exposures from spatiotemporally resolved exposure models. We restricted the analytical data to days in which PM2.5 levels did not exceed the Israeli 24 h standard (37.5 \u00b5g\/m3). We repeated the analysis with a stratification by sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities. For all outcomes, the exposure\u2013response curves were nonlinear. PM2.5 exposure was associated with a higher ischemic stroke risk, with larger effect estimates at higher exposure levels. Although nonsignificant, the exposure\u2013response curve for TIA was similar. The associations with ICH were nonsignificant throughout the PM2.5 exposure distribution. The associations with ischemic stroke\/TIA were larger among women, non-Jewish individuals, older adults, and individuals with diabetes, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease. In conclusion, short-term PM2.5 exposure is associated with a higher risk for ischemic stroke and possibly TIA, even when PM2.5 concentrations do not exceed the Israeli air quality guideline threshold. Vulnerability to the air pollution effects differed by age, sex, ethnicity, and comorbidities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T05:09:32Z","timestamp":1673586572000},"page":"1482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Particulate Air Pollution Exposure and Stroke among Adults in Israel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Britney","family":"Gaines","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itai","family":"Kloog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inbar","family":"Zucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Jerusalem 9446724, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gal","family":"Ifergane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Negev Environmental Health Research Institute, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva 8410101, Israel"},{"name":"Neurology Department, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva 8410101, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Novack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Negev Environmental Health Research Institute, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva 8410101, Israel"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva 8410101, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmit","family":"Libruder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Jerusalem 9446724, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yael","family":"Hershkovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Jerusalem 9446724, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9156-1193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perry E.","family":"Sheffield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4453-0401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maayan","family":"Yitshak-Sade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012781","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Stroke and Access to Acute Ischemic Stroke Interventions","volume":"97","author":"Saini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3058","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.009913","article-title":"Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Matter Air Pollution Is a Risk Factor for Stroke","volume":"46","author":"Scheers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e542","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00145-5","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and the risk of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke","volume":"5","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. 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