{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:34:15Z","timestamp":1787240055776,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Healthcare of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["OR12165486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OR12165486"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tobacco use was the second-leading risk factor for death, accounting for 15.4% of total deaths in 2019. In 2019, 20.4% (2.7 million) of the adult population in Kazakhstan, 36.5% of men, and 6.0% of women smoked tobacco. A cross-sectional study of a random sample (n = 1201) was conducted between October and December 2021 in accordance with the STEPwise approach. The tobacco-use questions were focused on current and previous smoking status, initiation and duration of smoking, amount of tobacco use, exposure to secondhand smoke, and information related to quitting smoking. From 20.8% of smokers, 93.8% of men and 80.2% of women use tobacco products daily, \u03c72 = 10.983, p-score &lt; 0.001. The earliest initiation of smoking was 6 years old. The prevalence of smoking tobacco products in Kazakhstan is 20.8%, which means that every fifth adult smokes. In addition, the proportion of smokers among men was 38.5%, and among women, it was 10.1%. A total of 93.8% of men and 80.2% of women smoked daily. The role of healthcare professionals in smoking prevention is very low, and only 16.9% of respondents have been advised to quit smoking in the last 12 months. New interventions for tobacco smoking prevention are urgently needed in Kazakhstan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T02:04:45Z","timestamp":1673834685000},"page":"1509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Prevalence of Smoking Various Tobacco Types in the Kazakhstani Adult Population in 2021: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1400-8436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalya","family":"Glushkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Evidence Based Medicine and Biostatistics, Kazakhstan\u2019s Medical University \u201cKazakhstan School of Public Health\u201d, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Evidence Based Medicine, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariga","family":"Smailova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Evidence Based Medicine and Biostatistics, Kazakhstan\u2019s Medical University \u201cKazakhstan School of Public Health\u201d, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanar","family":"Namazbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Evidence Based Medicine and Biostatistics, Kazakhstan\u2019s Medical University \u201cKazakhstan School of Public Health\u201d, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulmira","family":"Mukasheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Evidence Based Medicine and Biostatistics, Kazakhstan\u2019s Medical University \u201cKazakhstan School of Public Health\u201d, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayaulym","family":"Zhamakurova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Evidence Based Medicine and Biostatistics, Kazakhstan\u2019s Medical University \u201cKazakhstan School of Public Health\u201d, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asylzhan","family":"Kuanyshkalieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Evidence Based Medicine and Biostatistics, Kazakhstan\u2019s Medical University \u201cKazakhstan School of Public Health\u201d, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indira K.","family":"Karibayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Evidence Based Medicine and Biostatistics, Kazakhstan\u2019s Medical University \u201cKazakhstan School of Public Health\u201d, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almagul","family":"Kauysheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Evidence Based Medicine and Biostatistics, Kazakhstan\u2019s Medical University \u201cKazakhstan School of Public Health\u201d, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurzhamal","family":"Otyzbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Evidence Based Medicine and Biostatistics, Kazakhstan\u2019s Medical University \u201cKazakhstan School of Public Health\u201d, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maksut","family":"Kulzhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Evidence Based Medicine and Biostatistics, Kazakhstan\u2019s Medical University \u201cKazakhstan School of Public Health\u201d, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuliya","family":"Semenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global Burden of 87 Risk Factors in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990\u20132019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 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