{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T13:39:54Z","timestamp":1791812394272,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2018YFC1803300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1803300"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["XDA23030202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA23030202"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["41271324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41271324"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","award":["2018YFC1803300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1803300"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","award":["XDA23030202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA23030202"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","award":["41271324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41271324"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1803300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1803300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XDA23030202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA23030202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41271324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41271324"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbial biodegradation is considered as one of the most effective strategies for the remediation of soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To improve the degradation efficiency of PAHs, PAH-degrading consortia combined with strengthening remediation strategies was used in this study. The PAH biodegrading performance of seven bacterial consortia constructed by different ratios of Mycobacterium gilvum MI, Mycobacterium sp. ZL7 and Rhodococcus rhodochrous Q3 was evaluated in an aqueous system containing phenanthrene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[b]fluoranthene. Bacterial consortium H6 (Q3:ZL7:MI = 1:2:2) performed a high degrading efficiency of 59% in 8 days. The H6 was subsequently screened to explore its potential ability and performance to degrade aged PAHs in soils from a coking plant and the effects of strengthening strategies on the aged PAH degradation, including the addition of glucose or sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) individually or as a mixture along immobilization of the inoculant on biochar. The highest degradation efficiencies, which were 15% and 60% for low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs and high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs, respectively, were observed in the treatment using immobilized microbial consortium H6 combined with the addition of glucose and SDBS after 24 days incubation. This study provides new insights and guidance for future remediation of aged PAH contaminated soils.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20031766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T02:04:35Z","timestamp":1674093875000},"page":"1766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Enhanced Bioremediation of Aged Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil Using Immobilized Microbial Consortia Combined with Strengthening Remediation Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Haixuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiurong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2530-0504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youchi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4384-3222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederic","family":"Coulon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2016.06.1210","article-title":"Evaluation of bioremediation of soil highly contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons","volume":"33","author":"Lomza","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.125040","article-title":"Enhanced degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aged subsurface soil using integrated persulfate oxidation and anoxic biodegradation","volume":"394","author":"Gou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. 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