{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:08:36Z","timestamp":1787508516225,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ALAMA-nightlife"},{"name":"BELSPO"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>EDM event attendees are a high-risk population for substance use and associated adverse effects. The aim of this study was to examine substance use at EDM events, focusing on associations between attendance motives and substance use. Sociodemographic characteristics, event specifics, past-year use, and attendance motives were assessed through an online survey. Participants were 1345 Belgian EDM event attendees (69.44% male, Mage = 22.63, SDage = 4.03). Ecstasy\/MDMA\/Molly (52.28%), other synthetic hallucinogens (53.68%), ketamine (42.13%), amphetamines (40.45%), and alkyl nitrites (poppers) (32.76%) were most frequently used at festivals\/outdoor parties\/raves. In nightclubs, cocaine (32.29%) was shown to be prevalent as well, while other synthetic hallucinogens (15.79%) were less often consumed. At events with a more private character, cannabis (68.88%) and magic mushrooms (66.44%) were most frequently used. Aside from alcohol (47.76%), substance use in pubs\/bars was negligible. Overall enjoyment was demonstrated to be the key attendance motive, which was succeeded by those relating to music and socialization. A wide range of motives proved to be more important to users (e.g., dance, exploration, escapism, excitement, alcohol, drugs) than non-users, while some were associated with the use of particular substances. The prevalence of substance use was shown to be dependent on the specifics of the setting. Moreover, the idea of a three-dimensional classification of the most principal motives for music event attendance was supported. Finally, correlations were estimated between attendance motives and substance use as well as specific substances. Results could enable more tailored approaches in prevention and harm reduction efforts as well as event management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20031821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T02:04:35Z","timestamp":1674093875000},"page":"1821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Substance Use and Attendance Motives of Electronic Dance Music (EDM) Event Attendees: A Survey Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7239-1918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edith","family":"Van Dyck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music (IPEM), Department of Art History, Musicology and Theatre Studies, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6911-7632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koen","family":"Ponnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Media, Innovation and Communication Technologies, Department of Communication Sciences, IMEC-MICT, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Van Havere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Substance Use and Psychosocial Risk Behaviours (SUPR-B), University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3459-8381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bert","family":"Hauspie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Media, Innovation and Communication Technologies, Department of Communication Sciences, IMEC-MICT, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Substance Use and Psychosocial Risk Behaviours (SUPR-B), University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicky","family":"Dirkx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Substance Use and Psychosocial Risk Behaviours (SUPR-B), University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Schrooten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VAD, 1030 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Waldron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6364-5269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meryem","family":"Grabski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom P.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK"},{"name":"Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6011-6978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen Valerie","family":"Curran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1992-0627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"De Neve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data-Analysis, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X15004598","article-title":"Mass-gathering medicine: Risks and patient presentations at a 2-day electronic dance music event","volume":"30","author":"Lund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prehosp. 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