{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T10:38:29Z","timestamp":1778323109566,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Corporaci\u00f3n Ecuatoriana para el Desarrollo de la Investigaci\u00f3n y Academia (CEDIA)","award":["BIO.PCP.22.04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIO.PCP.22.04"]}]},{"name":"Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas","award":["BIO.PCP.22.04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIO.PCP.22.04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multidrug-resistant bacteria present resistance mechanisms against \u03b2-lactam antibiotics, such as Extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESBL) and Metallo-\u03b2-lactamases enzymes (MBLs) which are operon encoded in Gram-negative species. Likewise, Gram-positive bacteria have evolved other mechanisms through mec genes, which encode modified penicillin-binding proteins (PBP2). This study aimed to determine the presence and spread of \u03b2-lactam antibiotic resistance genes and the microbiome circulating in Quito\u2019s Public Transport (QTP). A total of 29 station turnstiles were swabbed to extract the surface environmental DNA. PCRs were performed to detect the presence of 13 antibiotic resistance genes and to identify and to amplify 16S rDNA for barcoding, followed by clone analysis, Sanger sequencing, and BLAST search. ESBL genes blaTEM-1 and blaCTX-M-1 and MBL genes blaOXA-181 and mecA were detected along QPT stations, blaTEM being the most widely spread. Two subvariants were found for blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-1, and blaOXA-181. Almost half of the circulating bacteria found at QPT stations were common human microbiota species, including those classified by the WHO as pathogens of critical and high-priority surveillance. \u03b2-lactam antibiotic resistance genes are prevalent throughout QPT. This is the first report of blaOXA-181 in environmental samples in Ecuador. Moreover, we detected a new putative variant of this gene. Some commensal coagulase-negative bacteria may have a role as mecA resistance reservoirs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20031900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T02:35:55Z","timestamp":1674182155000},"page":"1900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Microbiome of the Public Transport System of Quito, Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5807-6508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Alom\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170125, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5364-7700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Bastidas-Caldes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Research Group, Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170125, Ecuador"},{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Salud P\u00fablica y Animal, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6633-3607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Ballesteros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170125, Ecuador"},{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Fisiolog\u00eda y Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7819-9679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela N.","family":"Tenea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biofood and Nutraceutics Research and Development Group, Faculty of Engineering in Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte, Ibarra 100150, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7431-0381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Jarr\u00edn-V.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Innovaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Quito 170525, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. Alfonso","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9806-0877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Castillejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170125, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catalano, A., Iacopetta, D., Ceramella, J., Scumaci, D., Giuzio, F., Saturnino, C., Aquaro, S., Rosano, C., and Sinicropi, M.S. (2022). 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