{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:25:46Z","timestamp":1791318346539,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and define part of the epigenetic signature. Their influence on human health is established and interest in them is progressively increasing. Environmental and occupational risk factors affecting human health include chemical agents. Benzene represents a pollutant of concern due to its ubiquity and because it may alter gene expression by epigenetic mechanisms, including miRNA expression changes. This review summarizes recent findings on miRNAs associated with benzene exposure considering in vivo, in vitro and human findings in order to better understand the molecular mechanisms through which benzene induces toxic effects and to evaluate whether selected miRNAs may be used as biomarkers associated with benzene exposure. Original research has been included and the study selection, data extraction and assessments agreed with PRISMA criteria. Both in vitro studies and human results showed a variation in miRNAs\u2019 expression after exposure to benzene. In vivo surveys also exhibited this trend, but they cannot be regarded as conclusive because of their small number. However, this review confirms the potential role of miRNAs as \u201cearly warning\u201d signals in the biological response induced by exposure to benzene. The importance of identifying miRNAs\u2019 expression, which, once validated, might work as sentinel molecules to better understand the extent of the exposure to xenobiotics, is clear. The identification of miRNAs as a molecular signature associated with specific exposure would be advantageous for disease prevention and health promotion in the workplace.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20031920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T02:35:55Z","timestamp":1674182155000},"page":"1920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Benzene Exposure and MicroRNAs Expression: In Vitro, In Vivo and Human Findings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6883-8040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Mozzoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"CERT, Center of Excellent Research in Toxicology, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6885-4473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Poli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida, 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvana","family":"Pinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0468-4863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Tagliaferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"CERT, Center of Excellent Research in Toxicology, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2808-4184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Corradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"CERT, Center of Excellent Research in Toxicology, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2331-1464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida, 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinzia Lucia","family":"Ursini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida, 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Pigini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida, 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24780-8","article-title":"Sustainable production of benzene from lignin","volume":"12","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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