{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T19:04:55Z","timestamp":1788462295995,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The oral microbiota is a very complex and dynamic microbial ecosystem. Alterations of its balance can result in oral and systemic diseases. We aimed to characterize the microbiota in particular niches of the oral cavity in adult type 1 diabetes patients treated with continuous infusion of insulin with insulin pump (IP). In addition, we aimed to determine optimal sites of oral microbiota sampling in studies of large research groups of patients with DM I. Design: In this pilot study, we sampled the buccal and soft palate mucosa, tongue, palatal and buccal dental surfaces and gingival pockets of adult DM I patients treated with IP. Results: In total, 23 patients were recruited. The oral microbiota was dominated by Streptococus and Neisseria, with a low incidence of cariogenic S. mutans and Lactobacillus, as well as periodontal pathogens such as Prevotella. There were significant differences in overall CFU counts of all strains, Gram-positive, Staphylococci, Streptococci and S. oralis strains between mucosal and dental surface sites. The overall CFU counts of all strains and Gram-positive strains were higher in dental sites vs. mucosal sites (both p &lt; 0.001). CFU counts of S. oralis were significantly higher in dental sites vs. gingival pocket sites (p = 0.013). Candida species were rare. The mucosal sites on the buccae presented lower diversity and bacterial counts. Conclusions: In the study group of adult DM I patients treated with IP, the microbiota in particular niches of the oral cavity was significantly different. Three distinct and optimally appropriate sampling sites for oral microflora were identified: buccal and palatal mucosa, dental surface and gingival pockets. The results of this study may be the basis for further studies of large groups of patients with DM I.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T03:31:11Z","timestamp":1675049471000},"page":"2252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Oral Microbiota\u2014One Habitat or Diverse Niches? A Pilot Study of Sampling and Identification of Oral Bacterial and Fungal Biota in Patients with Type I Diabetes Mellitus Treated with Insulin Pump"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Iwona","family":"Gregorczyk-Maga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Fiema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, 30-688 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4288-1024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Kania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Technologies in Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estera","family":"Jachowicz-Matczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Romaniszyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5740-0855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Gerreth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Risk Group Dentistry, Chair of Pediatric Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7199-4079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Klupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Technologies in Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0756-1639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jadwiga","family":"W\u00f3jkowska-Mach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01801-y","article-title":"Defining the oral microbiome by whole-genome sequencing and resistome analysis: The complexity of the healthy picture","volume":"20","author":"Caselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01603","article-title":"Microbial Similarity and Preference for Specific Sites in Healthy Oral Cavity and Esophagus","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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