{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T07:08:04Z","timestamp":1763536084062,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We aimed to determine the potentially modifiable risk factors that are predictive of post-traumatic brain injury seizures in relation to the severity of initial injury, neurosurgical interventions, neurostimulant use, and comorbidities. This retrospective study was conducted on traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients admitted to a single center from March 2008 to October 2017. We recruited 151 patients from a multiracial background with TBI, of which the data from 141 patients were analyzed, as 10 were excluded due to incomplete follow-up records or a past history of seizures. Of the remaining 141 patients, 33 (24.4%) patients developed seizures during long-term follow up post-TBI. Young age, presence of cerebral contusion, Indian race, low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores on admission, and use of neurostimulant medications were associated with increased risk of seizures. In conclusion, due to increased risk of seizures, younger TBI patients, as well as patients with low GCS on admission, cerebral contusions on brain imaging, and those who received neurostimulants or neurosurgical interventions should be monitored for post-TBI seizures. While it is possible that these findings may be explained by the differing mechanisms of injury in younger vs. older patients, the finding that patients on neurostimulants had an increased risk of seizures will need to be investigated in future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T03:56:27Z","timestamp":1675050987000},"page":"2301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Young Age, Liver Dysfunction, and Neurostimulant Use as Independent Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Seizures: A Multiracial Single-Center Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5302-8400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicodemus Edrick","family":"Oey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Medicine, SingHealth Residency, Singapore 169608, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei Ting","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shrikant Digambarrao","family":"Pande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.44.s10.1.x","article-title":"Overview of studies to prevent posttraumatic epilepsy","volume":"44","author":"Beghi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01854-w","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory mechanisms of post-traumatic epilepsy","volume":"17","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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