{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T01:56:29Z","timestamp":1789005389661,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ISDIN (Barcelona, Spain)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rhizostoma pulmo is a widely distributed scyphozoan in the Mediterranean Sea. Their stings result mainly in erythema, small vesicles, or\/and pain, and cause a high number of bathers to seek assistance from first-aid services during the summer season. Despite the threat that jellyfish stings represent to public health, there is disagreement in the scientific community on first-aid protocols, with the dispute largely centered around the effectiveness of vinegar. In the present research, we investigated the effect of commonly used rinse solutions on nematocyst discharge in R. pulmo and the effect of vinegar on three more scyphozoans (Aurelia sp., Cassiopea sp., and Rhizostoma luteum). Scented ammonia, vinegar, and acetic acid triggered nematocyst discharge in R. pulmo. Vinegar also caused nematocyst discharge in Aurelia sp., Cassiopea sp., and R. luteum. In contrast, seawater, baking soda, freshwater, urine, and hydrogen peroxide were considered neutral solutions that did not induce nematocyst discharge. These results indicate that the use of vinegar, acetic acid, or commercial products based on these compounds is counterproductive. Their use can worsen pain and discomfort caused not only by R. pulmo stings but also by those of any scyphozoan. The use of seawater is recommended for cleaning the R. pulmo sting site until an inhibitor solution that irreversibly prevents nematocyst discharge is discovered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T03:56:27Z","timestamp":1675050987000},"page":"2344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effect of Rinse Solutions on Rhizostoma pulmo (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) Stings and the Ineffective Role of Vinegar in Scyphozoan Jellyfish Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2720-4313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ainara","family":"Ballesteros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, ICM-CSIC-Institute of Marine Sciences, Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"ISDIN, Innovation and Development, C. Proven\u00e7als 33, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Macarena","family":"Marambio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, ICM-CSIC-Institute of Marine Sciences, Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carles","family":"Trullas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISDIN, Innovation and Development, C. Proven\u00e7als 33, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Jourdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISDIN, Innovation and Development, C. Proven\u00e7als 33, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2391-699X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Tena-Medialdea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMEDMAR-UCV-Institute of Environment and Marine Science Research, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia SVM, C. Explanada del Puerto S\/n, 03710 Calp, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9542-2385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep-Maria","family":"Gili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, ICM-CSIC-Institute of Marine Sciences, Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2006.00036.x","article-title":"A Randomized, Controlled Field Trial for the Prevention of Jellyfish Stings With a Topical Sting Inhibitor","volume":"13","author":"Boulware","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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