{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:11:36Z","timestamp":1792098696660,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n (Spain)","award":["PID2021-124227NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-124227NB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a broad consensus accepting that psychological variables such as stress, anxiety, or depression play an important role in bruxism. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in stress, anxiety, and depression levels. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on possible awake and sleep bruxism prevalence and on the psychological factors associated with bruxism, comparing pre-pandemic, pandemic\/lockdown, and post-pandemic samples of first-year students. A total of 274 dentistry students from the Complutense University of Madrid participated in the study: 92 from 2018\/2019 (pre-pandemic), 90 from 2020\/2021 (pandemic), and 92 students from 2021\/2022 (post-pandemic) academic years. The participants filled out a thorough battery of validated questionnaires evaluating bruxism and different psychological characteristics, such as anxiety, depression, somatization, personality, and stress coping styles. While sleep bruxism prevalence was significantly higher for the pandemic group, awake bruxism was smaller in comparison to pre-pandemic and post-pandemic groups. The post-pandemic group also presented higher levels of neuroticism and agreeableness personality traits, and positive reappraisal than the pre-pandemic group, with the pandemic group somewhere in between. Additionally, both the pandemic and post-pandemic group showed higher levels of depression and acceptance\/resignation coping styles than the pre-pandemic group. Thus, among the three groups of students, the post-pandemic group was the one that showed a larger effect of the pandemic situation in their psychological variables, presenting higher levels of anxiety (state and trait), depression, acceptation\/resignation coping style, higher neuroticism (emotional instability trait), and lower agreeableness trait. Nonetheless, the increase of positive reappraisal in the post-pandemic group (an adaptive coping stress style) might be also a sign of recovery. The higher sleep bruxism for the pandemic group might be related to the pandemic situation and lockdown, passively suffered, possibly promoting feelings of impotency, increased levels of depression and acceptance\/resignation (normally considered a passive\/maladaptive coping style), while acute stressful situations derived from daily personal social interactions might have increased anxiety levels and induced higher levels of awake bruxism observed in both the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic groups. However, further research, including larger and more representative samples, is needed to confirm this possible relationship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T04:31:27Z","timestamp":1675053087000},"page":"2452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Awake and Sleep Bruxism Prevalence and Their Associated Psychological Factors in First-Year University Students: A Pre-Mid-Post COVID-19 Pandemic Comparison"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9528-1698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro Edgardo","family":"Osses-Anguita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative and Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda y Ciencias de la Rehabilitaci\u00f3n, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Lientur 1457, Concepci\u00f3n 4080871, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative and Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4395-3453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xabier A.","family":"Soto-Go\u00f1i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University Europea of Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Al\u00e9n Fari\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosana","family":"Cid-Verdejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative and Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departament of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University Europea of Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0254-6501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleuterio A.","family":"S\u00e1nchez Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Physiotherapy and Orofacial Pain Working Group, Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Disfunci\u00f3n Craneomandibular y Dolor Orofacial (SEDCYDO), 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Musculoskeletal Pain and Motor Control Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Canarias, 38300 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Musculoskeletal Pain and Motor Control Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Canarias, C\/Inocencio Garc\u00eda 1, 38300 La Orotava, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8002-5563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Center of Human Evolution and Behavior, UCM-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Psychology and Orofacial Pain Working Group, Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Disfunci\u00f3n Craneomandibular y Dolor Orofacial (SEDCYDO), 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12663","article-title":"International consensus on the assessment of bruxism: Report of a work in progress","volume":"45","author":"Lobbezoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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