{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:15:32Z","timestamp":1777421732054,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Carlos III Institute of Health, Spain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI19CIII\/00025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19CIII\/00025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Carlos III Institute of Health, Spain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI16CIII\/00009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI16CIII\/00009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Carlos III Institute of Health, Spain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EPY-505\/19-PFIS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EPY-505\/19-PFIS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Carlos III Institute of Health, Spain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12\/01416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/01416"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spain\u2019s Health Research Fund","award":["PI19CIII\/00025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19CIII\/00025"]}]},{"name":"Spain\u2019s Health Research Fund","award":["PI16CIII\/00009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI16CIII\/00009"]}]},{"name":"Spain\u2019s Health Research Fund","award":["EPY-505\/19-PFIS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EPY-505\/19-PFIS"]}]},{"name":"Spain\u2019s Health Research Fund","award":["12\/01416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/01416"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Several environmental factors seem to be involved in childhood leukaemia incidence. Traffic exposure could increase the risk while urban green spaces (UGS) exposure could reduce it. However, there is no evidence how these two factors interact on this infant pathology. Objectives: to evaluate how residential proximity to UGS could be an environmental protective factor against traffic exposure on childhood leukaemia incidence. Methods: A population-based case control study was conducted across thirty Spanish regions during the period 2000\u20132018. It included 2526 incident cases and 15,156, individually matched by sex, year-of-birth, and place-of-residence. Using the geographical coordinates of the participants\u2019 home residences, a 500 m proxy for exposure to UGS was built. Annual average daily traffic (AADT) was estimated for all types of roads 100 m near the children\u2019s residence. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), UGS, traffic exposure, and their possible interactions were calculated for overall childhood leukaemia, and the acute lymphoblastic (ALL) and acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) subtypes, with adjustment for socio-demographic covariates. Results: We found an increment of childhood leukaemia incidence related to traffic exposure, for every 100 AADT increase the incidence raised 1.1% (95% CI: 0.58\u20131.61%). UGS exposure showed an incidence reduction for the highest exposure level, Q5 (OR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.54\u20130.72). Regression models with both traffic exposure and UGS exposure variables showed similar results but the interaction was not significant. Conclusions: Despite their opposite effects on childhood leukaemia incidence individually, our results do not suggest a possible interaction between both exposures. This is the first study about the interaction of these two environmental factors; consequently, it is necessary to continue taking into account more individualized data and other possible environmental risk factors involved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T02:04:52Z","timestamp":1675130692000},"page":"2506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploring Urban Green Spaces\u2019 Effect against Traffic Exposure on Childhood Leukaemia Incidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7565-2703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Ojeda S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guadalajara University Hospital, 19002 Guadalajara, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0300-1810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Carlos III Institute of Health), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica\u2014CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"G\u00f3mez-Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica\u2014CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Carlos III Institute of Health), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Carlos III Institute of Health), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica\u2014CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Pardo Romaguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Registry of Childhood Tumours (RETI-SEHOP), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adela","family":"Ca\u00f1ete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Registry of Childhood Tumours (RETI-SEHOP), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8577-4168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Ortega-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Environmental Health Speciality Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Environment and Human Health (EH2) Lab., Institute of Biomedical Research, IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"European and Latin American Environment, Survival and Childhood Cancer Network (ENSUCHICA), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6154-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebeca","family":"Ramis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Carlos III Institute of Health), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica\u2014CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"European and Latin American Environment, Survival and Childhood Cancer Network (ENSUCHICA), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii103","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdq092","article-title":"Childhood cancer incidence and survival in Spain","volume":"21","author":"Galceran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. 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