{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T10:52:55Z","timestamp":1770288775667,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIMHD\/NIH","award":["R25 MD007610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25 MD007610"]}]},{"name":"NIMHD\/NIH","award":["R00RG2347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00RG2347"]}]},{"name":"Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program (TRDRP)","award":["R25 MD007610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25 MD007610"]}]},{"name":"Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program (TRDRP)","award":["R00RG2347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00RG2347"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Although parental educational attainment is known to be associated with a lower prevalence of behaviors such as tobacco use, these effects are shown to be weaker for Black than White youth. It is important to study whether this difference is due to higher perceived tobacco use norms for Black youth. Aim: To study the association between parental educational attainment and perceived tobacco use norms overall and by race\/ethnicity among youth in the US. Methods: The current study used four years of follow-up data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH-Youth) study conducted between 2013 and 2017. All participants were 12- to 17-year-old non-smokers at baseline and were successfully followed for four years (n = 4329). The outcome of interest was perceived tobacco use norms risk at year four. The predictor of interest was baseline parental educational attainment, the moderator was race\/ethnicity, and the covariates were age, sex, and parental marital status at baseline. Results: Our linear regressions in the pooled sample showed that higher parental educational attainment at baseline was predictive of perceived disapproval of tobacco use at year four; however, this association was weaker for Latino than non-Latino youth. Our stratified models also showed that higher parental educational attainment was associated with perceived tobacco use norms for non-Latino but not for Latino youth. Conclusion: The effect of high parental educational attainment on anti-tobacco norms differs between Latino and non-Latino youth. Latino youth with highly educated parents remain at risk of tobacco use, while non-Latino youth with highly educated parents show low susceptibility to tobacco use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T02:29:03Z","timestamp":1675218543000},"page":"2517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Race and Ethnic Differences in the Protective Effect of Parental Educational Attainment on Subsequent Perceived Tobacco Norms among US Youth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4731-8927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Adinkrah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Babak","family":"Najand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Young-Brinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA"},{"name":"Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Asma, S. 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