{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:08:14Z","timestamp":1790834894180,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Scientific Research Start-up Fund for Introduced Talents of Anhui Polytechnic University","award":["2022YQQ082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YQQ082"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Start-up Fund for Introduced Talents of Anhui Polytechnic University","award":["2022KFYB02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KFYB02"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Start-up Fund for Introduced Talents of Anhui Polytechnic University","award":["2021YFC3200104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3200104"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Start-up Fund for Introduced Talents of Anhui Polytechnic University","award":["202022YBKT23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202022YBKT23"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Start-up Fund for Introduced Talents of Anhui Polytechnic University","award":["2022521602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022521602"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals","award":["2022YQQ082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YQQ082"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals","award":["2022KFYB02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KFYB02"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals","award":["2021YFC3200104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3200104"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals","award":["202022YBKT23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202022YBKT23"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals","award":["2022521602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022521602"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2022YQQ082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YQQ082"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2022KFYB02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KFYB02"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2021YFC3200104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3200104"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program","award":["202022YBKT23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202022YBKT23"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2022521602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022521602"]}]},{"name":"the Water Conservancy Science and Technology Projects of Jiangxi","award":["2022YQQ082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YQQ082"]}]},{"name":"the Water Conservancy Science and Technology Projects of Jiangxi","award":["2022KFYB02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KFYB02"]}]},{"name":"the Water Conservancy Science and Technology Projects of Jiangxi","award":["2021YFC3200104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3200104"]}]},{"name":"the Water Conservancy Science and Technology Projects of Jiangxi","award":["202022YBKT23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202022YBKT23"]}]},{"name":"the Water Conservancy Science and Technology Projects of Jiangxi","award":["2022521602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022521602"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Foundation of Jiangxi Academy of Forestry","award":["2022YQQ082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YQQ082"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Foundation of Jiangxi Academy of Forestry","award":["2022KFYB02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KFYB02"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Foundation of Jiangxi Academy of Forestry","award":["2021YFC3200104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3200104"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Foundation of Jiangxi Academy of Forestry","award":["202022YBKT23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202022YBKT23"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Foundation of Jiangxi Academy of Forestry","award":["2022521602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022521602"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The chloride in water frequently exceeds the standard; directly quoting foreign water-quality criteria (WQC) or standards will inevitably reduce the scientific value of the water-quality standard (WQS) in China. Additionally, this may lead to the under- or overprotection of water bodies. This study summarized the sources, distribution, pollution status, and hazards of chloride in China\u2019s water bodies. Additionally, we compared and analyzed the basis for setting WQS limits for chloride in China; we systematically analyzed the basis for setting the WQC for chloride in foreign countries, especially the United States. Finally, we collected and screened data on the toxicity of chloride to aquatic organisms; we also used the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method to derive the WQC value for chloride, which is 187.5 mg\u00b7L\u22121. We put forward a recommended value for freshwater WQS for chloride in China: less than 200 mg\u00b7L\u22121. The study of a freshwater WQC for chloride is not only a key point of environmental research, but also an urgent demand to ensure water ecological protection in China. The results of this study are of great significance for the environmental management of chloride, protection of aquatic organisms, and risk assessment, especially for the revision of WQSs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20042875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T01:56:48Z","timestamp":1675735008000},"page":"2875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Freshwater Water-Quality Criteria for Chloride and Guidance for the Revision of the Water-Quality Standard in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3284-0544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yajun","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wetland Research Center, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"},{"name":"Wetland Research Center, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenfei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5493-574X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenglian","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118398","article-title":"Thermodynamic modelling and experimental investigation on chloride binding in cement exposed to chloride and chloride-sulfate solution","volume":"246","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.051","article-title":"Effect of bound chloride on extraction of water soluble chloride in cement-based materials exposed to a chloride salt solution","volume":"160","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2008.02.004","article-title":"Chloride binding of cement-based materials subjected to external chloride environment\u2014A review","volume":"23","author":"Yuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.3923\/javaa.2010.2409.2411","article-title":"Nephrocalcinosis and urinary mineral concentrations in rats fed diets containing supplemental chloride","volume":"9","author":"Alhaidary","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Veter- Adv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jcs240390","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.240390","article-title":"What biologists want from their chloride reporters\u2014A conversation between chemists and biologists","volume":"133","author":"Zajac","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11382","DOI":"10.1021\/es403933f","article-title":"Interspecies correlation estimation-applications in water quality criteria and ecological risk assessment","volume":"47","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-012-4384-5","article-title":"Water quality criteria research and progress","volume":"55","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7992","DOI":"10.1021\/es1029365","article-title":"China embarking on development of its own national water quality criteria system","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1021\/es303309h","article-title":"Predicting water quality criteria for protecting aquatic life from physicochemical properties of metals or metalloids","volume":"47","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"31","article-title":"Predicted no-effect concentration and risk assessment for 17-[beta]-estradiol in waters of China","volume":"228","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-020-01060-3","article-title":"Nonylphenol occurrence, distribution, toxicity and analytical methods in freshwater","volume":"18","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"4","article-title":"A review on the water quality criteria of nonylphenol and the methodological construction for reproduction toxicity endocrine disrupting chemicals","volume":"260","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107367","article-title":"A QSAR\u2013ICE\u2013SSD model prediction of the PNECs for alkylphenol substances and application in ecological risk assessment for rivers of a megacity","volume":"167","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Wu, F.C. (2020). Introduction to Water Quality Benchmarking Theory and Methodology, Science Press. [2nd ed.]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"2523","article-title":"Research on environmental quality standard for surface water","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1532","article-title":"Progress, challenge and strategic countermeasures of Chinese pollution risk management of water environment","volume":"34","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"365","article-title":"Detection and measurement of stream pollution","volume":"48","author":"Ellis","year":"1937","journal-title":"Bull. Bur. Fish."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"USEPA (1980). Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Cadmium."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"USEPA (1985). Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"CCME (2011). Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life-Chloride, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.1825","article-title":"Predicted-no-effect concentrations for the steroid estrogens estrone, 17\u03b2-estradiol, estriol, and 17\u03b1-ethinylestradiol","volume":"31","author":"Caldwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109539","article-title":"Technical study on national mandatory guideline for deriving water quality criteria for the protection of freshwater aquatic organisms in China","volume":"250","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105454","article-title":"Ecological risk assessment of fifty pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in Chinese surface waters: A proposed multiple-level system","volume":"136","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2022). Technical Guideline for Deriving Water Quality Criteria for Freshwater Organisms, (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"ECB (2002). European Union Risk Assessment Report 4-Nonylphenol (Branched) and Nonylphenol, European Chemicals Bureau."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.1819","article-title":"Toxicity of major cations and anions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl\u2212, and SO42\u2212) to a macrophyte and an alga","volume":"31","author":"Simmons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"51","article-title":"Preliminary results from macro-invertebrate bioassays","volume":"35","author":"Wurtz","year":"1961","journal-title":"Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"82","article-title":"The toxicity thresholds of various sodium salts determined by the use of Daphnia magna","volume":"18","author":"Anderson","year":"1946","journal-title":"Sew. Work. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1672\/0277-5212(2004)024[0068:RTOSMW]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Road-salt toxicity of select Michigan wetland macroinvertebrates under different testing conditions","volume":"24","author":"Benbow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1986.tb05148.x","article-title":"Haematological and haematopoietic response to sodium chloride stress in a freshwater air-breathing fish channa punctatus bloch","volume":"28","author":"Dheer","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Hughes, J.S. (1973). Acute Toxicity of Thirty Chemicals to Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis), Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fish Report 318-343-2417."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Environ, I.C. (2022, December 01). Chloride Toxicity Test Results, Project No.20-22235A, Report Prepared for Lowa Water Pollut. Control Assoc., ENVIRON Intl. Corp, Nashville, TN:56 p, Available online: https:\/\/cfpub.epa.gov\/ecotox\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(02)00142-2","article-title":"Field and laboratory investigations on the effects of road salt (NaCl) on stream macroinvertebrate communities","volume":"120","author":"Blasius","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-009-1191-3","article-title":"Preliminary results of laboratory toxicity tests with the mayfly, isonychia bicolor (ephemeroptera: Isonychiidae) for development as a standard test organism for evaluating streams in the appalachian coalfields of virg","volume":"169","author":"Echols","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1021\/es403781z","article-title":"Ecological risk of nonylphenol in China surface waters based on reproductive fitness","volume":"48","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1955.tb16874.x","article-title":"The effect of water impurities on the flavor of brewed coffee ab","volume":"20","author":"Lockhart","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1939.126.1.1","article-title":"Salt taste threshold of humans","volume":"126","author":"Richter","year":"1939","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/4\/2875\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:26:14Z","timestamp":1760120774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/4\/2875"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20042875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20042875","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]}}}