{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:48:50Z","timestamp":1791856130576,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD)","award":["U54MD015946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54MD015946"]}]},{"name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology","award":["U54MD015946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54MD015946"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: War and displacement are well-known predictors of negative mental health outcomes among affected populations. This is especially relevant for refugees of war, particularly women, who often repress their mental health needs due to family responsibilities, social stigma, and\/or cultural pressures. In this study, we compared the mental health status of urban Syrian refugee women (n = 139) with local Jordanian women (n = 160). (2) Methods: Psychometrically validated Afghan Symptom Checklist (ASC), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ) examined psychological distress, perceived stress, and mental health, respectively. (3) Results: According to independent t-tests, Syrian refugee women scored higher than Jordanian women on the ASC [mean score (SD): 60.79 (16.67) vs. 53.71 (17.80), p &lt; 0.001], PSS [mean score (SD): 31.59 (8.45) vs. 26.94 (7.37), p &lt; 0.001], and SRQ [mean score (SD): 11.82 (4.30) vs. 10.21 (4.72), p = 0.002]. Interestingly, both Syrian refugee and Jordanian women scored higher than the clinical cutoff in the SRQ. Regression analyses indicated that more educated women were less likely to score high on the SRQ (\u03b2 = \u22120.143, p = 0.019), particularly in the anxiety and somatic symptoms subscale (\u03b2 = \u22120.133, p = 0.021), and were less likely to exhibit symptoms of ruminative sadness (\u03b2 = \u22120.138, p = 0.027). Employed women were more likely to exhibit high coping ability than unemployed women (\u03b2 = 0.144, p = 0.012). (4) Conclusions: Syrian refugee women scored higher than Jordanian women in all used mental health scales. Access to mental health services and enhancing educational opportunities would help mitigate perceived stress and may enhance stress-coping abilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20042976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T05:37:31Z","timestamp":1675834651000},"page":"2976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Understanding Mental Health Status of Syrian Refugee and Jordanian Women: Novel Insights from a Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Fatin","family":"Atrooz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally Mohammad","family":"Aljararwah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4312-7258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzuan A.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Health and Learning Sciences, College of Education, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3006-3104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar F.","family":"Khabour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samina","family":"Salim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Nola, S. (2022). Legal Protection of Refugees from the Syrian Conflict in the View of International Human Rights, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22281","article-title":"Well-Being and Posttraumatic Growth among Syrian Refugees in Jordan","volume":"31","author":"Rizkalla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1080\/15313204.2020.1753614","article-title":"Employment of Syrian refugees in Jordan: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"30","author":"Nashwan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethn. Cult. Divers. Soc. Work"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4365","DOI":"10.1080\/1369183X.2022.2090157","article-title":"\u2018The war has divided us more than ever\u2019: Syrian refugee family networks and social capital for mobility through protracted displacement in Jordan","volume":"48","author":"Tobin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethn. Migr. Stud."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1108\/IJMHSC-06-2021-0050","article-title":"An exploration of politicized healthcare access for Syrian and Palestinian refugees in Jordan: A question of equity","volume":"18","author":"Halsey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Migr. Health Soc. Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796016000044","article-title":"Mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of Syrians affected by armed conflict","volume":"25","author":"Hassan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/10345329.2011.12035908","article-title":"Resilience and survival: Refugee women and violence","volume":"23","author":"Mariastella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Crim. Justice"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743717746666","article-title":"The Social Determinants of Refugee Mental Health in the Post-Migration Context: A Critical Review","volume":"63","author":"Hynie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2010.00702.x","article-title":"Suspicious Minds at Risk? The Role of Meaning in Processing War and Peacekeeping Experiences","volume":"41","author":"Schok","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schweitzer, R.D., Vromans, L., Brough, M., Asic-Kobe, M., Correa-Velez, I., Murray, K., and Lenette, C. (2018). Recently resettled refugee women-at-risk in Australia evidence high levels of psychiatric symptoms: Individual, trauma and post-migration factors predict outcomes. BMC Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1143-2"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-016-0723-0","article-title":"The Relationship Between Post-Migration Stress and Psychological Disorders in Refugees and Asylum Seekers","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Mawani, F.N. (2014). Refuge and Resilience, Springer."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3928\/00989134-20200624-04","article-title":"Social Determinants of Resilience among Syrian Refugees in Jordan","volume":"58","author":"Alduraidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychosoc. Nurs. Ment. Health Serv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-019-0211-3","article-title":"Assessment of the health needs of Syrian refugees in Lebanon and Syria\u2019s neighboring countries","volume":"13","author":"Rutherford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Confl. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1177\/0886109905285760","article-title":"Gender and war: The effects of armed conflict on women\u2019s health and mental health","volume":"21","author":"Jansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Affilia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11802-2","article-title":"Gender-based violence in refugee settings","volume":"360","author":"Ward","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atrooz, F., Chen, T.A., Biekman, B., Alrousan, G., Bick, J., and Salim, S. (2022). Displacement and Isolation: Insights from a Mental Stress Survey of Syrian Refugees in Houston, Texas, USA. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052547"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12480","article-title":"Barriers to Education of Syrian Refugee Girls in Jordan: Gender-Based Threats and Challenges","volume":"51","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Sch."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/01488376.2020.1717717","article-title":"The Impacts of Contextual Factors on Psychosocial Wellbeing of Syrian Refugees: Findings from Turkey and the United States","volume":"47","author":"Yalim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Soc. Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991651","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1991651","article-title":"A longitudinal study of mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Syrian refugees","volume":"12","author":"Akhtar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-021-01180-0","article-title":"Resilience and Mental Health among Syrian Refugee Children in Jordan","volume":"24","author":"sDehnel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minor. Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.26719\/emhj.22.030","article-title":"Barriers to the use of mental health services by Syrian refugees in Jordan: A qualitative study","volume":"28","author":"Bawadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-021-01584-y","article-title":"Mental health of clinic-attending Syrian refugee women in Jordan: Associations between social ecological risks factors and mental health symptoms","volume":"22","author":"Brooks","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.26719\/2012.18.3.205","article-title":"Evaluating the psychosocial and mental health consequences of abuse among Jordanian women","volume":"18","author":"Constantino","year":"2012","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3109\/01612840.2013.807449","article-title":"Mental health status of women in Jordan: A comparative study between attendees of governmental and UN relief and works agency\u2019s health care centers","volume":"35","author":"Hamaideh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Issues Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soncn.2021.151144","article-title":"Symptom Clusters Predictive of Quality of Life among Jordanian Women with Breast Cancer","volume":"37","author":"Alsaraireh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2022.2077508","article-title":"Self-esteem, stress, and depressive symptoms among Jordanian pregnant women: Social support as a mediating factor","volume":"62","author":"Malak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2017.1364885","article-title":"Mental health and chronic diseases: A challenge to be faced from a new perspective","volume":"29","author":"Carta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61415-9","article-title":"Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: Results from the World Health Surveys","volume":"370","author":"Moussavi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1475","article-title":"The Syrian refugee crisis in Jordan: A cross sectional pharmacist-led study assessing post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"17","author":"Basheti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.26719\/2018.24.3.243","article-title":"Health needs and priorities of Syrian refugees in camps and urban settings in Jordan: Perspectives of refugees and health care providers","volume":"24","author":"Schwabkey","year":"2018","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/12-058","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of the Use of Narrative Exposure Therapy for the Effects of Trauma among Refugee Populations","volume":"17","author":"Gwozdziewycz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perm. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powell, T.M., Shin, O.J., Li, S.-J., and Hsiao, Y. (2020). Post-traumatic stress, social, and physical health: A mediation and moderation analysis of Syrian refugees and Jordanians in a border community. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241036"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.07.012","article-title":"An Arabic version of the Perceived Stress Scale: Translation and validation study","volume":"49","author":"Almadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00801901","article-title":"Psychiatric assessment instruments developed by the World Health Organization","volume":"31","author":"Sartorius","year":"1996","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Beusenberg, M., Orley, J.H., and World Health Organization (1994). A User\u2019s Guide to the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ), World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"45","article-title":"Validity study of the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) in primary health care in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"4","author":"Absood","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1998.308","article-title":"The Arabic self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ) as a psychiatric screening instrument in medical patients","volume":"18","author":"Mohammed","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idaiani, S., Suryaputri, I.Y., Mubasyiroh, R., Indrawati, L., and Darmayanti, I. (2021). Validity of the Self Reporting Questionnaire-20 for Depression Based on National Health Survey. Med. Psychol., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-362342\/v1"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.09.029","article-title":"War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: Bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks","volume":"70","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-206","article-title":"Comparing the validity of the self reporting questionnaire and the Afghan symptom checklist: Dysphoria, aggression, and gender in transcultural assessment of mental health","volume":"14","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3109\/01612840.2010.550383","article-title":"If I was going to kill myself, I wouldn\u2019t be calling you. I am asking for help: Challenges influencing immigrant and refugee women\u2019s mental health","volume":"32","author":"Donnelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Issues Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388102","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1388102","article-title":"Strengthening mental health care systems for Syrian refugees in Europe and the Middle East: Integrating scalable psychological interventions in eight countries","volume":"8","author":"Sijbrandij","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-019-0196-y","article-title":"Gender disparities and psychological distress among humanitarian migrants in Australia: A moderating role of migration pathway?","volume":"13","author":"Jarallah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Confl. Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461520965110","article-title":"Persistent psychological distress in resettled refugee women-at-risk at one-year follow-up: Contributions of trauma, post-migration problems, loss, and trust","volume":"58","author":"Vromans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transcult. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollander, A.-C., Bruce, D., Burstr\u00f6m, B., and Ekblad, S. (2011). Gender-related mental health differences between refugees and non-refugee immigrants\u2014A cross-sectional register-based study. BMC Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-180"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/WTF.0000000000000097","article-title":"Personal perspectives of protracted displacement: An ethnographic insight into the isolation and coping mechanisms of Syrian women and girls living as urban refugees in northern Jordan","volume":"13","author":"Boswall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intervention"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/WTF.0b013e32835f0d2c","article-title":"Syrian mental health professionals as refugees in Jordan: Establishing mental health services for fellow refugees","volume":"11","author":"Hoogstad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intervention"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61027-6","article-title":"Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: A systematic review","volume":"365","author":"Fazel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3109\/13651501.2014.961930","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder among Syrian refugees in Turkey: A cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Alpak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatry Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e018899","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018899","article-title":"Prevalence of mental ill health, traumas and postmigration stress among refugees from Syria resettled in Sweden after 2011: A population-based survey","volume":"7","author":"Malm","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00393","article-title":"Prevalence of Mental Distress among Syrian Refugees with Residence Permission in Germany: A Registry-Based Study","volume":"9","author":"Georgiadou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borho, A., Viazminsky, A., Morawa, E., Schmitt, G.M., Georgiadou, E., and Erim, Y. (2020). The prevalence and risk factors for mental distress among Syrian refugees in Germany: A register-based follow-up study. BMC Psychiatry, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02746-2"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"287","article-title":"Socio-demographic Predictors of Perceived Health among Syrian Refugees in Jordan","volume":"21","author":"Alduraidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. -Leg. Update"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallejo-Mart\u00edn, M., Sancha, A.S., and Canto, J. (2021). Refugee Women with a History of Trauma: Gender Vulnerability in Relation to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094806"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.26719\/2018.24.7.680","article-title":"Health challenges and access to health care among Syrian refugees in Jordan: A review","volume":"24","author":"Dator","year":"2018","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1177\/1054773817749724","article-title":"Coping Strategies Used by Syrian Refugees in Jordan","volume":"28","author":"Alzoubi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/rsq\/hds009","article-title":"The Coping Skills of East African Refugees: A Literature Review","volume":"31","author":"Gladden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Refug. Surv. Q."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Krafft, C., Sieverding, M., Salemi, C., and Keo, C. (2018). Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series, RAND Corporation."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Culbertson, S., and Constant, L. (2015). Education of Syrian Refugee Children: Managing the Crisis in Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan, RAND Corporation.","DOI":"10.7249\/RR859"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/1745499920926050","article-title":"Rethinking higher education for Syrian refugees in Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey","volume":"15","author":"Fincham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Comp. Int. Educ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1132","article-title":"Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"302","author":"Steel","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2019.02.007","article-title":"Mental health care utilisation and access among refugees and asylum seekers in Europe: A systematic review","volume":"123","author":"Satinsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamkaddem, M., Stronks, K., Devill\u00e9, W.D., Olff, M., Gerritsen, A.A., and Essink-Bot, M.-L. (2014). Course of post-traumatic stress disorder and health care utilisation among resettled refugees in the Netherlands. BMC Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-90"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-013-9861-1","article-title":"Psychological Distress in Afghan Refugees: A Mixed-Method Systematic Review","volume":"16","author":"Alemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minor. Health"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461516660937","article-title":"Contextualizing Afghan refugee views of depression through narratives of trauma, resettlement stress, and coping","volume":"53","author":"Alemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transcult. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-14-25","article-title":"Assessment of reproductive health and violence against women among displaced Syrians in Lebanon","volume":"14","author":"Masterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-018-0181-x","article-title":"Healthcare needs and health service utilization by Syrian refugee women in Toronto","volume":"12","author":"Guruge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Confl. Health"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2019.109906","article-title":"Syrian refugees in Germany: Perspectives on mental health and coping strategies","volume":"129","author":"Renner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2014.934629","article-title":"Beyond Stigma: Barriers to Discussing Mental Health in Refugee Populations","volume":"20","author":"Shannon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Loss Trauma"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-016-0379-1","article-title":"Health and Socio-Cultural Experiences of Refugee Women: An Integrative Review","volume":"19","author":"Shishehgar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minor. Health"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000344","article-title":"A model of cumulative racial\u2013ethnic trauma among Americans of Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) descent","volume":"74","author":"Awad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/02703149.2013.797761","article-title":"Considerations for Psychotherapy with Immigrant Women of Arab\/Middle Eastern Descent","volume":"36","author":"Awad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Women Ther."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/10459602013003012","article-title":"Context of care for Jordanian women","volume":"13","author":"Miller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Transcult. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valait\u0117, D., and Berni\u016bnas, R. (2022). Majn\u016bn or Mental Disorders: Between Cultural Traditions and Western Psychology in Jordan. Cult. Med. Psychiatry, 1\u201322.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11013-022-09787-0"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"WHO (2015). Mental Health Atlas Country Profile 2014, WHO."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"International Medical Corps (2023, February 02). Understanding the Mental Health and Psychosocial Needs, and Service Utilization of Syrian Refugees and Jordanian Nationals: A Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis in the Kingdom of Jordan. Available online: https:\/\/digitalcommons.csp.edu\/cup_commons_faculty\/236."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00556","article-title":"Psychotherapy in Jordan: An Investigation of the Host and Syrian Refugee Community\u2019s Perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Karnouk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/4\/2976\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:28:11Z","timestamp":1760120891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/4\/2976"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20042976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20042976","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]}}}