{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T21:28:15Z","timestamp":1776806895400,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT), one of the main compounds in ammunition wastewater, is harmful to the environment. In this study, the treatment efficiency of 2,4,6-TNT by different treatment processes, including ferrous ion (Fe2+), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Fenton, ultrasound (US) irradiation, US + Fe2+, US + H2O2 and US\u2013Fenton process, was compared. The results showed that US\u2013Fenton was the most effective among all methods studied. The effects of initial pH, reaction time and H2O2 to Fe2+ molar ratio were investigated. The results showed that the removal of TNT, TOC and COD was maximum at an initial pH of 3.0 and H2O2 to Fe2+ molar ratio of 10:1. TNT, TOC and COD removal was fast in the first 30 min, reaching 83%, 57% and 50%, then increased gradually to 99%, 67% and 87% until 300 min, respectively. Semi-batch mode operation increased the removal of TNT and TOC by approximately 5% and 10% at 60 min, respectively. The average carbon oxidation number (ACON) was increased from \u22121.7 at 30 min to a steady-state value of 0.4, indicating the mineralization of TNT. Based on GC-MS analysis, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene acid, 3,5-dinitrobenznamine and 3,5-dinitro-p-toluidine were the major byproducts from the US\u2013Fenton process. The TNT degradation pathway was proposed, which involved methyl group oxidation, decarboxylation, aromatic ring cleavage and hydrolysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T02:33:27Z","timestamp":1675996407000},"page":"3102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["An Ultrasound\u2013Fenton Process for the Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yangang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center, Beijing Drainage Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenzhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center, Beijing Drainage Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelei","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center, Beijing Drainage Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shangkun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center, Beijing Drainage Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center, Beijing Drainage Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shujun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center, Beijing Drainage Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(99)00073-X","article-title":"Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of energetic compounds on bacterial and mammalian cells in vitro","volume":"444","author":"Lachance","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mutat. 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