{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T23:06:27Z","timestamp":1784243187125,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica","award":["23\/2015\/I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23\/2015\/I"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica","award":["PN22296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN22296"]}]},{"name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda (CONACyT)","award":["23\/2015\/I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23\/2015\/I"]}]},{"name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda (CONACyT)","award":["PN22296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN22296"]}]},{"name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional Contra las Adicciones (CONADIC)","award":["23\/2015\/I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23\/2015\/I"]}]},{"name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional Contra las Adicciones (CONADIC)","award":["PN22296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN22296"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is little recent information about the prevalence of symptomatology of mental health disorders in representative population samples in Mexico. To determine the prevalence of mental health symptoms in Mexico and its comorbidity with tobacco, alcohol, and drug use disorder (SUD), we used the 2016\u201317 National Survey of Drug, Alcohol, and Tobacco Use (Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Drogas, Alcohol y Tabaco, ENCODAT 2016\u20132017). The data were collected from households using a cross-sectional, stratified, multistage design, with a confidence level of 90% and a response rate of 73.6%. The final sample included 56,877 completed interviews of individuals aged 12\u201365, with a subsample of 13,130 who answered the section on mental health. Symptoms of mania and hypomania (7.9%), depression (6.4%), and post-traumatic stress (5.7%) were the three main problems reported. Of this subsample, 56.7% reported using a legal or illegal drug without SUD, 5.4% reported SUD at one time on alcohol, 0.8% on tobacco, and 1.3% on medical or illegal drugs, 15.9% reported symptoms related to mental health, and 2.9% comorbidity. The prevalence found is consistent with those reported in previous studies, except for an increase in post-traumatic stress, which is consistent with the country\u2019s increase in trauma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T02:56:13Z","timestamp":1675997773000},"page":"3109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Prevalence of Symptomatology and Risk Factors in Mental Health in Mexico: The 2016\u201317 ENCODAT Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9300-0752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Elena","family":"Medina-Mora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Studies Seminar, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Director, School of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud Mental Global INPRFM UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alma Delia","family":"Genis-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disease Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico"},{"name":"Juan N. Navarro Children\u2019s Psychiatric Hospital, Psychiatric Care Services, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2537-858X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Ameth","family":"Villatoro Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Studies Seminar, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Data Analysis and Survey Unit, Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz National Institute of Psychiatry (INPRFM), Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marycarmen","family":"Bustos-Gami\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Analysis and Survey Unit, Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz National Institute of Psychiatry (INPRFM), Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara Fleiz","family":"Bautista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Studies Seminar, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Data Analysis and Survey Unit, Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz National Institute of Psychiatry (INPRFM), Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7737-501X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Camarena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacogenetics, Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz National Institute of Psychiatry (INPRFM), Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0390-8252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Jaime","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Maga\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disease Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2494-0067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humberto","family":"Nicolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disease Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"168","article-title":"Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of MentalmDisorders in the World Health Organization\u2019s World Mental Health Survey Initiative","volume":"6","author":"Kessler","year":"2007","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalencia de Trastornos Mentales y Uso de Servicios: Resultados de La Encuesta Nacional de Epidemiolog\u00eda Psiqui\u00e1trica En M\u00e9xico","volume":"26","author":"Borges","year":"2003","journal-title":"Salud Ment."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"155","article-title":"Sex Differences in the Prevalence and Severity of Psychiatric Disorders in Adolescents in Mexico City","volume":"32","author":"Benjet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ment. 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