{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T22:07:16Z","timestamp":1783721236112,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Doctoral School of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin","award":["1\/0479\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/0479\/18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The choroid, a multifunctional tissue, has been the focus of research interest for many scientists. Its morphology and morphometry facilitate an understanding of pathological processes within both the choroid and retina. This study aimed to determine the choroidal layer thicknesses in healthy, mixed-breed mesocephalic dogs, both male (M) and female (F), using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with radial, cross-sectional, and linear scans. The dogs were divided into two groups based on age: middle-aged (MA) and senior (SN). Thicknesses of choroidal layers, namely RPE\u2013Bruch\u2019s membrane\u2013choriocapillaris complex (RPE-BmCc) with tapetum lucidum in the tapetal fundus, the medium-sized vessel layer (MSVL), and the large vessel layer with lamina suprachoroidea (LVLS), as well as whole choroidal thickness (WCT), were measured manually using the caliper function integrated into the OCT software. Measurement was performed dorsally and ventrally at a distance of 5000\u20136000 \u03bcm temporally and nasally at a distance of 4000\u20137000 \u03bcm to the optic disc on enhanced depth scans. The measurements were conducted temporally and nasally in both the tapetal (temporal tapetal: TempT, nasal tapetal: NasT) and nontapetal (temporal nontapetal: TempNT, nasal nontapetal: NasNT) fundus. The ratio of the MSVL thickness to the LVLS thickness for each region was calculated. In all examined dogs, the RPE-BmCc in the dorsal (D) region and MSVL in the Tt region were significantly thicker than those in the other regions. The MSVL was thinner in the ventral (V) region than in the D, TempT, TempNT and NasT regions. The MSVL was significantly thinner in the NasNT region than in the D region. LVLS thickness and WCT were significantly greater in the D and TempT regions than those in the other regions and significantly lesser in the V region than those in the other regions. The MSVL-to-LVLS thickness ratio did not differ between the age groups. Our results reveal that the choroidal thickness profile does not depend on age. Our findings can be used to document the emergence and development of various choroidal diseases in dogs in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T05:18:35Z","timestamp":1676006315000},"page":"3121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Morphological and Morphometric Analysis of Canine Choroidal Layers Using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7317-2370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jowita","family":"Zwolska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6932-7149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ireneusz","family":"Balicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Balicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animals Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002","article-title":"The Multifunctional Choroid","volume":"29","author":"Nickla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. 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