{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T21:08:48Z","timestamp":1777064928999,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41977358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41977358"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671495"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019N0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019N0015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41977358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41977358"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671495"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019N0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019N0015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Agricultural Guidance Project of Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["41977358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41977358"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Guidance Project of Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["41671495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671495"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Guidance Project of Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["2019N0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019N0015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The constant application of manure-based fertilizers in vegetable farms leads to antibiotic residue accumulation in soils, which has become a major stressor affecting agroecosystem stability. The present study investigated the adaptation profiles of rhizosphere microbial communities in different vegetable farms to multiple residual antibiotics. Multiple antibiotics, including trimethoprim, sulfonamides, quinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincomycins, and chloramphenicols, were detected in the vegetable farms; the dominant antibiotic (trimethoprim) had a maximum concentration of 36.7 ng\/g. Quinolones and tetracyclines were the most prevalent antibiotics in the vegetable farms. The five most abundant phyla in soil samples were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi and Firmicutes, while the five most abundant phyla in root samples were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Myxococcota. Macrolides were significantly correlated with microbial community composition changes in soil samples, while sulfonamides were significantly correlated with microbial community composition changes in root samples. Soil properties (total carbon and nitrogen contents and pH) influenced the shifts in microbial communities in rhizosphere soils and roots. This study provides evidence that low residual antibiotic levels in vegetable farms can shift microbial community structures, potentially affecting agroecosystem stability. However, the degree to which the shift occurs could be regulated by environmental factors, such as soil nutrient conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T02:42:33Z","timestamp":1676256153000},"page":"3137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Adaptation of Rhizosphere Microbial Communities to Continuous Exposure to Multiple Residual Antibiotics in Vegetable Farms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jincai","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou 362000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8921-4771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongshan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinghua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinping","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-011-4830-3","article-title":"Occurrence and assessment of veterinary antibiotics in swine manures: A case study in East China","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127006","article-title":"Antibiotics in animal manure and manure-based fertilizers: Occurrence and ecological risk assessment","volume":"255","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140482","article-title":"Untreated swine wastes changed antibiotic resistance and microbial community in the soils and impacted abundances of antibiotic resistance genes in the vegetables","volume":"741","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136118","article-title":"A review of the occurrence of selected micropollutants and microorganisms in different raw and treated manure-Environmental risk due to antibiotics after application to soil","volume":"707","author":"Ghirardini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222743110","article-title":"Diverse and abundant antibiotic resistance genes in Chinese swine farms","volume":"110","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.04.043","article-title":"Effect of antibiotic use and composting on antibiotic resistance gene abundance and resistome risks of soils receiving manure-derived amendments","volume":"128","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2020.114760","article-title":"Coexistence between antibiotic resistance genes and metal resistance genes in manure-fertilized soils","volume":"382","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152157","article-title":"Swine manure facilitates the spread of antibiotic resistome including tigecycline-resistant tet(X) variants to farm workers and receiving environment","volume":"808","author":"Tong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.02.059","article-title":"Adaption of the microbial community to continuous exposuresof multiple residual antibiotics in sediments from a salt-water aquacultural farm","volume":"290","author":"Xi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashmi, M., Strezov, V., and Varma, A. (2017). Antibiotics and Antibiotics Resistance Genes in Soils, Springer. Soil Biology.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66260-2"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.372","article-title":"Evidence for co-selection of antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in metal polluted urban soils","volume":"656","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126141","article-title":"Effects of chronic exposure of antibiotics on microbial community structure and functions in hyporheic zone sediments","volume":"416","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.05.029","article-title":"Soil types influence the fate of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes following the land application of sludge composts","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152246","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance genes alternation in soils modified with neutral and alkaline salts: Interplay of salinity stress and response strategies of microbes","volume":"809","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2022.106173","article-title":"Ecological effects of antibiotics on aquaculture ecosystems based on microbial community in sediments","volume":"224","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocean. Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053153","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1053153","article-title":"Negative effects of abamectin on soil microbial communities in the short term","volume":"13","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120413","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of antibiotics and resistance genes in lettuce following cattle manure and digestate fertilization and their effects on soil and phyllosphere microbial communities","volume":"315","author":"Visca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18930","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05122-0","article-title":"Environmental risk assessment of antibiotics in agroecosystems: Ecotoxicological effects on aquatic microbial communities and dissemination of antimicrobial resistances and antibiotic biodegradation potential along the soil-water continuum","volume":"26","author":"Topp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00008-07","article-title":"Bacteroides: The good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty","volume":"20","author":"Wexler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.05.036","article-title":"Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses reveal activity and hosts of antibiotic resistance genes in activated sludge","volume":"129","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00020","article-title":"Concentration-dependent activity of antibiotics in natural environments","volume":"4","author":"Bernier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146835","article-title":"Occurrence and distribution of antibiotics and corre-sponding antibiotic resistance genes in different soil types irrigated with treated wastewater","volume":"782","author":"Seyoum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-021-01171-x","article-title":"Colonization of gut microbiota by plasmid-carrying bacteria is facilitated by evolutionary adaptation to antibiotic treatment","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-009-9895-2","article-title":"Acquisition of phosphorus and nitrogen in the rhizosphere and plant growth promotion by microorganisms","volume":"321","author":"Richardson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.104912","article-title":"Transfer of antibiotic resistance from ma-nure-amended soils to vegetable microbiomes","volume":"130","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125595","article-title":"Diversity and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in rhizo-sphere soil and endophytes of leafy vegetables: Focusing on the effect of the vegetable species","volume":"415","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014910","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1014910","article-title":"Transmission of tetracycline resistance genes and microbiomes from manure-borne black soldier fly larvae frass to rhizosphere soil and pakchoi endophytes","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-00822-9","article-title":"Plant resistome profiling in evolutionary old bog vegetation provides new clues to understand emergence of mul-ti-resistance","volume":"15","author":"Obermeier","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.04.039","article-title":"Inorganic and organic fertilizers application enhanced antibiotic resistome in greenhouse soils growing vegetables","volume":"179","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.2003.00484.x","article-title":"Comparative 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicates that Actinobacteria might be a dominant part of the metabolically active bacteria in heavy metal-contaminated bulk and rhizosphere soil","volume":"5","author":"Gremion","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ay40220g","article-title":"Simultaneous extraction of four classes of antibiotics in soil, manure and sewage sludge and analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with the isotope-labelled internal standard method","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.04.007","article-title":"Impacts of biochar and oyster shells waste on the immobilization of arsenic in highly contaminated soils","volume":"217","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-018-0106-z","article-title":"Pollution indices as useful tools for the comprehensive evaluation of the degree of soil contamination\u2014A review","volume":"40","author":"Kowalska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115652","article-title":"Source, occurrence and risks of twenty antibiotics in vegetables and soils from facility agriculture through fixed-point monitoring and numerical simulation","volume":"319","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156141","article-title":"Modelling approaches for linking the residual concentrations of antibiotics in soil with antibiotic properties and land-use types in the largest urban agglomerations in China: A review","volume":"838","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.04.071","article-title":"Spatial estimation of antibiotic residues in surface soils in a typical intensive vegetable cultivation area in China","volume":"430","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.04.140","article-title":"Veterinary antibiotics in animal waste, its distribution in soil and uptake by plants: A review","volume":"563\u2013564","author":"Tasho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155050","article-title":"Identifying the spatiotemporal vulnerability of soils to antimicrobial contamination through land application of animal manure in Minnesota, United States","volume":"832","author":"Bueno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.11.040","article-title":"Human health risk assessment of antibiotic resistance associated with anti-biotic residues in the environment: A review","volume":"169","author":"Ben","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.03.070","article-title":"Occurrence of antibiotics in soils and manures from greenhouse vegetable production bases of Beijing.; China and an associated risk assessment","volume":"521\u2013522","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13984","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6493-8","article-title":"Occurrence and risk assessment of tetracycline anti-biotics in soil from organic vegetable farms in a subtropical city, south China","volume":"23","author":"Xiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2017.10.007","article-title":"Long-term manure application increased the levels of an-tibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in a greenhouse soil","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.10.126","article-title":"Occurrence of 13 veterinary drugs in animal ma-nure-amended soils in Eastern China","volume":"144","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5908","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3731-9","article-title":"Residues and potential ecological risks of veterinary antibiotics in manures and composts associated with protected vegetable farming","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134529","article-title":"Impacts of farmland application of antibiotic-contaminated ma-nures on the occurrence of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes in soil: A meta-analysis study","volume":"300","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.04.109","article-title":"Occurrence of veterinary antibiotics and progesterone in broiler manure and agri-cultural soil in Malaysia","volume":"488\u2013489","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.061","article-title":"Veterinary pharmaceuticals and antibiotics in manure and slurry and their fate in amended agricultural soils: Findings from an experimental field site (Baix Empord\u00e0.; NE Catalonia)","volume":"654","author":"Gros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2964","article-title":"Antibiotics and microbial resistance in Brazilian soils under manure application","volume":"29","author":"Bastos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-016-1673-3","article-title":"Occurrence, composition and risk assessment of antibiotics in soils from Kenya, Africa","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.07.162","article-title":"Distribution.; dynamics and determinants of antibiotics in soils in a peri-urban area of Yangtze River Delta.; Eastern China","volume":"211","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.12494","article-title":"Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance From Animal Manures to Soil: A Review","volume":"69","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143431","article-title":"Spatial distribution and temporal change of antibiotics in soils amended with manure using two field application methods","volume":"759","author":"Le","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, A., Ghani, M.I., Li, Y., Ding, H., Meng, H., and Cheng, Z. (2019). Hiseq Base Molecular Characterization of Soil Microbial Commu-nity, Diversity Structure, and Predictive Functional Profiling in Continuous Cucumber Planted Soil Affected by Diverse Cropping Systems in an Intensive Greenhouse Region of Northern China. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112619"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-022-01213-z","article-title":"The residue of tetracycline antibiotics in soil and Brassica juncea var. gemmifera, and the diversity of soil bacterial community under different livestock manure treatments","volume":"45","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11336","article-title":"Revealing structure and assembly cues for Arabidopsis root-inhabiting bacterial microbiota","volume":"488","author":"Bulgarelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiy135","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiy135","article-title":"Microbial communities in the rhizosphere and the root of lettuce as affected by Salmonella-contaminated irrigation water","volume":"94","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05286","article-title":"The plant immune system","volume":"444","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11102","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c02985","article-title":"Transmission Routes of the Microbiome and Resistome from Manure to Soil and Lettuce","volume":"55","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126351","article-title":"Occurrence and toxicity of antibiotics in the aquatic environment: A review","volume":"251","author":"Kovalakova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153170","article-title":"Effects of biofertilizer on soil microbial diversity and antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"820","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112427","article-title":"Profiles of antibiotic resistance genes in an inland salt-lake Ebinur Lake, Xinjiang, China: The relationship with antibiotics, environmental factors, and microbial communities","volume":"221","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153373","article-title":"The fate of erythromycin in soils and its effect on soil microbial community structure","volume":"820","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00338","article-title":"Antibiotics in the Soil Environment-Degradation and Their Impact on Microbial Activity and Diversity","volume":"10","author":"Mrozik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135562","article-title":"Insight into dynamics and bioavailability of antibiotics in paddy soils by in situ soil moisture sampler","volume":"703","author":"Uddin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128099","article-title":"Effect of antibiotic type and vegetable species on antibiotic accumula-tion in soil-vegetable system.; soil microbiota.; and resistance genes","volume":"263","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105117","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution and co-selection for antibiotic resistance: A microbial palaeontology approach","volume":"132","author":"Dickinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.06.002","article-title":"Surviving as a Community: Antibiotic Tolerance and Persistence in Bacterial Biofilms","volume":"26","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/03601231003613443","article-title":"Evaluation of the interaction between soil and antibiotics","volume":"45","author":"Cengiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health B"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"231","article-title":"Antibiotics in the environment: Causes and consequences","volume":"93","author":"Polianciuc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Pharm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11725","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30005-8","article-title":"Soil Properties Drive Microbial Community Structure in a Large Scale Transect in South Eastern Australia","volume":"8","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00990","article-title":"Response of Soil Properties and Microbial Communities to Agri-culture: Implications for Primary Productivity and Soil Health Indicators","volume":"7","author":"Trivedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/4\/3137\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:30:27Z","timestamp":1760121027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/4\/3137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20043137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20043137","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]}}}