{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:35:30Z","timestamp":1790091330018,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]],"date-time":"2023-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["MOST 107-2314-B-037 -115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107-2314-B-037 -115"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["108-2314-B-037-052-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2314-B-037-052-MY2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Caring for children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (CADHD) is stressful for caregivers. Identifying factors related to parenting stress in caregivers of CADHD can facilitate the development of intervention programs. This study aimed to examine the associations between affiliate stigma and various domains of parenting stress among caregivers of CADHD. This study also analyzed the moderating effects of demographic characteristics and the symptoms of childhood ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) on the associations between affiliate stigma and parenting stress. In total, 213 caregivers of CADHD participated in this study. Parenting stress was assessed using the Parenting Stress Index, Fourth Edition Short Form (PSI-4-SF). Affiliate stigma was assessed using the Affiliate Stigma Scale. ADHD and ODD symptoms were assessed using the Parent Form of the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Scale, Version IV. The results indicated that higher affiliate stigma was significantly associated with greater parenting stress in all three domains of the PSI-4-SF. ODD symptoms increased the magnitude of parenting stress in two domains of parenting stress among caregivers with affiliate stigma. Intervention programs for relieving parenting stress among caregivers of CADHD should take affiliate stigma and child ODD symptoms into consideration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T03:07:57Z","timestamp":1676257677000},"page":"3192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Association of Affiliate Stigma with Parenting Stress and Its Moderators among Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Pei-Yun","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 81267, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Jiun","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ray C.","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98295, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Seattle Children\u2019s, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tai-Ling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1156-4939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Fang","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Professional Studies, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30167-0","article-title":"ADHD in children and young people: Prevalence, care pathways, and service provision","volume":"5","author":"Sayal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054714561290","article-title":"Maternal ADHD symptoms, personality, and parenting Stress: Differences between mothers of children with ADHD and mothers of comparison children","volume":"22","author":"Kragh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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