{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T06:40:43Z","timestamp":1792478443289,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Statutory Funds of the Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The most important and widely studied role of prolactin (PRL) is its modulation of stress responses during pregnancy and lactation. PRL acts as a neuropeptide to support physiological reproductive responses. The effects of PRL on the nervous system contribute to a wide range of changes in the female brain during pregnancy and the inhibition of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary axis. All these changes contribute to the behavioral and physiological adaptations of a young mother to enable reproductive success. PRL-driven brain adaptations are also crucial for regulating maternal emotionality and well-being. Hyperprolactinemia (elevated PRL levels) is a natural and beneficial phenomenon during pregnancy and lactation. However, in other situations, it is often associated with serious endocrine disorders, such as ovulation suppression, which results in a lack of offspring. This introductory example shows how complex this hormone is. In this review, we focus on the different roles of PRL in the body and emphasize the results obtained from animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T03:07:57Z","timestamp":1676257677000},"page":"3257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["The Involvement of Prolactin in Stress-Related Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8202-190X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Faron-G\u00f3recka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Latocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Pabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2023-2699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kolasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Sobczyk-Krupiarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Dziedzicka-Wasylewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01824.x","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of the human prolactin gene","volume":"3","author":"Truong","year":"1984","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)69558-X","article-title":"Human prolactin. cDNA structural analysis and evolutionary comparisons","volume":"256","author":"Cooke","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. 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