{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T02:11:16Z","timestamp":1793239876755,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG 3J0131, 3J0132, 3J0133, 3L0291 and 3L0292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG 3J0131, 3J0132, 3J0133, 3L0291 and 3L0292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Developmental delay in neurocognitive function has been reported in premature children. This cohort study prospectively followed preterm infants following birth, and herein we present the four-year longitudinal follow-up data of cognitive development at preschool age and analyze correlated factors. Methods: Term and preterm children received regular clinical evaluations and development assessments after birth, and at age 4 \u00b1 1 years, they received the Wechsler-preschool and primary scale of intelligence, Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV), excluding those with full-scale intelligence quotient &lt; 70. A total of 150 participants received Conners Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT), while 129 participants received ophthalmic evaluation. We adopted Chi-square test, ANOVA, and post hoc analysis to compare group differences. Correlations with K-CPT and WPPSI-IV were analyzed using Pearson\u2019s correlation. Results: Group 1 consisted of 25 full-term children, group 2 had 94 preterm children with birth-weight of \u2265 1500 g, and group 3 had 159 preterm children with birth-weight of &lt; 1500 g. Group 1 was the healthiest group and had the best performance in attention and intelligence, while group 3 had the worst physical condition and cognitive performance. The correlation analysis revealed that perinatal factors, including gestational age, birth weight, Apgar scores, and physical conditions, significantly correlated with WPPSI-IV and K-CPT variables. Gender significantly correlated with object assembly of WPSSI-IV and clinical index of K-CPT. Among vision-related variables, best corrected visual acuity correlated most with K-CPT, including clinical index, Omission, and hit reaction time standard error of K-CPT, as well as significantly correlated with information and bug search of WPPSI-IV. Conclusions: Preterm children at preschool age still had poorer cognitive performance than full-term children, especially those with birth BW less than 1500 g. Gender and vision are correlated with cognitive deficits. Continuous monitoring with comprehensive assessments is recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T02:31:23Z","timestamp":1676428283000},"page":"3357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Correlation Analysis of Attention and Intelligence of Preterm Infants at Preschool Age: A Premature Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Wei-Chih","family":"Chin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Psychiatry and Sleep Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3760-7255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Chi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0798-5378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jen-Fu","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Psychiatry and Sleep Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5457-1402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsung-Chieh","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4015-5942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Shu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Psychiatry and Sleep Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2004.00395.x","article-title":"Neurobehavioral correlates of sleep-disordered breathing in children","volume":"13","author":"Mervis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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