{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:21:45Z","timestamp":1791408105410,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Korean Government Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1G1A1005098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1G1A1005098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Korean Government Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1C1C1005746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1C1C1005746"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Korean Government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1G1A1005098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1G1A1005098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Korean Government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1C1C1005746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1C1C1005746"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic, painful condition of the oral mucosa. Although the pathogenesis remains unclear, psychological and neuroendocrine factors are considered the major contributors. Few longitudinal studies have investigated the effects of psychological factors on the occurrence of BMS. Therefore, we evaluated the risk of BMS in patients with affective disorders using a nationwide population-based cohort dataset. We identified patients with depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder and then selected comparison participants using the 1:4 propensity score-matching method. We investigated the incidence of BMS events during the follow-up period using survival analysis, the log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards regression models. After adjusting for other contributing conditions, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for developing BMS was 3.37 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.67\u20136.80) for depression and 5.09 (95% CI: 2.19\u201311.80) for anxiety; however, bipolar disorder showed no significant risk. Specifically, female patients with depression and anxiety had an increased risk of BMS. Moreover, patients with anxiety showed an increased adjusted HR of BMS events during the first 4 years after diagnosis, whereas patients with depression did not. In conclusion, depression and anxiety disorders are significantly associated with the risk of BMS. Additionally, female patients showed a significantly higher risk of BMS than male patients, and anxiety showed increased BMS events earlier than depression. Therefore, clinicians should consider the risk of BMS when treating patients with depression or anxiety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T03:09:21Z","timestamp":1676430561000},"page":"3391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Relationship of Depression, Anxiety, and Bipolar Disease with Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Nationwide Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Su Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Nursing Science, School of Nursing, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8762-8340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chulho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3213-2353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunjae","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4917-0177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Kyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2007.12.012","article-title":"Burning mouth syndrome: Recognition, understanding, and management","volume":"20","author":"Klasser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. 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