{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T20:45:36Z","timestamp":1789591536620,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Investigaciones of Universidad Santiago de Cali under call No. 02-2023","award":["934-621115-B5."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["934-621115-B5."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aquatic environments could be reservoirs of pathogenic yeasts with acquired antifungal resistance. The susceptibility to antifungal agents of yeasts present in the wastewater and natural waters of the city of Cali was evaluated. Samples were taken from two types of water: drinking water (Mel\u00e9ndez River, drinking water treatment plant \u201cPuerto Mallarino\u201d in the Cauca River) and wastewater (South Channel of the Cauca River, \u201cCa\u00f1averalejo-PTAR\u201d wastewater treatment plant). Physico-chemical parameters, heavy metal concentration, and yeast levels were determined using standard procedures. Yeasts were identified using API 20 C AUX (BioM\u00e9rieux) and sequence analysis of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and D1\/D2 regions of the large subunit of the ribosome. Susceptibility assays against fluconazole and amphotericin B using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test were determined using the microdilution method. The influence of physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals was established using principal component analysis (PCA). Yeast counts were higher at WWTP \u201cPTAR\u201d and lower at Melendez River, as expected. A total of 14 genera and 21 yeast species was identified, and the genus Candida was present at all locations. Susceptibility tests showed a 32.7% resistance profile to fluconazole in the order DWTP \u201cPuerto Mallarino = WWTP \u201cPTAR\u201d &gt; South Channel \u201cNavarro\u201d. There were significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) in the physico-chemical parameters\/concentration of heavy metals and yeast levels between the aquatic systems under study. A positive association was observed between yeast levels and total dissolved solids, nitrate levels, and Cr at the \u201cPTAR\u201d WWTP; conductivity, Zn, and Cu in the South Channel; and the presence of Pb in the \u201cPuerto Mallarino\u201d DWTP. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Candida albicans, and Candida sp. 1 were influenced by Cr and Cd, and Diutina catelunata was influenced by Fe (p &lt; 0.05). The water systems explored in this study showed different yeast levels and susceptibility profiles, and, therefore, possible genetic differences among populations of the same species, and different physico-chemical and heavy metals concentrations, which were probably modulating the antifungal-resistant yeasts. All these aquatic systems discharge their content into the Cauca River. We highlight the importance to further investigate if these resistant communities continue to other locations in the second largest river of Colombia and to determine the risk posed to humans and animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T02:04:03Z","timestamp":1676513043000},"page":"3428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Water Quality, Heavy Metals, and Antifungal Susceptibility to Fluconazole of Yeasts from Water Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4637-6268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luz Dary","family":"Caicedo-Bejarano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Mycology (GIM\/CICBA), Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Santiago de Cali 760035, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizeth Stefania","family":"Osorio-Vanegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Design, Universidad Icesi, Santiago de Cali 760031, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8525-5341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Castrill\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Design, Universidad Icesi, Santiago de Cali 760031, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Enrique","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Electroqu\u00edmica y Ambiente (GIEMA), Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Santiago de Cali 760035, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8303-9979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Andr\u00e9s","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Garay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Mycology (GIM\/CICBA), Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Santiago de Cali 760035, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9996-3744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Vivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n GIMMEIN, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Libre Seccional Cali, Santiago de Cali 760031, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"593","article-title":"Physico-chemical parameters and culturable yeast diversity in surface water: A consequence of pollution","volume":"46","author":"Monapathi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water SA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buzzini, P., Lachance, M.-A., and Yurkov, A. (2017). Yeasts in Natural Ecosystems: Ecology, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61575-2"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822014005000035","article-title":"Yeast diversity associated to sediments and water from two colombian artificial lakes","volume":"45","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201820170369","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibility of yeasts isolated from anthropogenic watershed","volume":"91","author":"Milanezi","year":"2019","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.12.029","article-title":"Occurrence and fate of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater treatment plants from different geographical regions\u2014A review","volume":"133","author":"Tran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127083","article-title":"High MICs for antifungal agents in yeasts from an anthropized lagoon in South America","volume":"262","author":"Pagani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129718","article-title":"Antifungal agents, yeast abundance and diversity in surface water: Potential risks to water users","volume":"274","author":"Monapathi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2009.170","article-title":"Diversity and antifungal susceptibility of yeasts isolated by multiple-tube fermentation from three freshwater lakes in Brazil","volume":"8","author":"Brandao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822012000400043","article-title":"Water quality and diversity of teasts from tropical lakes and rivers from the Rio Doce Basin in Southeastern Brazil","volume":"43","author":"Medeiros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2016.580","article-title":"Water Quality and Antifungal susceptibility of opportunistic yeast pathogens from rivers","volume":"75","author":"Monapathi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"422","article-title":"Diversity and characteristics of yeasts from water sources in the North West Province, South Africa","volume":"12","author":"Bezuidenhout","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14056","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50624-z","article-title":"Diversity, Co-occurrence and implications of fungal communities in wastewater treatment plants","volume":"9","author":"Assress","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nucci, M., Queiroz-Telles, F., Alvarado-Matute, T., Tiraboschi, I.N., Cortes, J., Zurita, J., Guzman-Blanco, M., Santolaya, M.E., Thompson, L., and Sifuentes-Osornio, J. (2013). Epidemiology of candidemia in Latin America: A laboratory-based survey. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059373"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13404","article-title":"Collateral consequences of agricultural fungicides on pathogenic yeasts: A one health perspective to tackle azole resistance","volume":"65","author":"Lockhart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-019-0317-6","article-title":"In vitro interactions of amphotericin B combined with non-antifungal agents against Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Strains","volume":"184","author":"Spader","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02615-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02615-20","article-title":"Azole susceptibility profiles of more than 9000 clinical yeast isolates belonging to 40 common and rare species","volume":"65","author":"Lortholary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-1860-z","article-title":"Opportunistic yeast pathogens: Reservoirs, virulence mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies","volume":"72","author":"Polvi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"127","article-title":"Mecanismos de resistencia antif\u00fangica de los azoles en Candida albicans. Una revisi\u00f3n","volume":"27","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Biom\u00e9d."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.17533\/udea.iatreia.v28n4a02","article-title":"Candida en la cavidad oral de pacientes con VIH en Cali, Colombia: Determinaci\u00f3n de especies y sensibilidad al fluconazol","volume":"28","author":"Castro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iatreia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13296","article-title":"Species distribution, azole resistance and related molecular mechanisms in invasive Candida parapsilosis complex isolates: Increase in fluconazole resistance in 21 years","volume":"64","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez-Moreno, C.A., Cortes, J.A., and Denning, D.W. (2018). Burden of fungal infections in Colombia. J. Fungi, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4020041"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.07.022","article-title":"Occurrence, fate and ecological risk of five typical azole fungicides as therapeutic and personal care products in the environment: A review","volume":"84","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.03.067","article-title":"Distribution, behavior and fate of azole antifungals during mechanical, biological, and chemical treatments in sewage treatment plants in China","volume":"426","author":"Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109868","article-title":"Occurrence and risk assessment of azole antifungal drugs in water and wastewater","volume":"187","author":"Assress","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8890","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-1862-z","article-title":"Chiral profiling of azole antifungals in municipal wastewater and recipient rivers of the Pearl River Delta, China","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"103","article-title":"Producci\u00f3n de carotenoides en levaduras nativas aisladas de sistemas acu\u00e1ticos en Cali, Colombia","volume":"1","author":"Villota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Asoc. Colomb. Cien. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Uasapud Garcia, J.D. (2018, June 09). Instructivo de Toma y Preservaci\u00f3n de Muestras Sedimentos y Agua Superficial para la Red de Monitoreo de Calidad del IDEAM 2020, 21, Available online: http:\/\/sgi.ideam.gov.co."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822005000300012","article-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o do sistema API20C AUX na identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de leveduras de interesse cl\u00ednico","volume":"38","author":"Candido","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simyco.2016.11.007","article-title":"DNA barcoding analysis of more than 9\u00a0000 yeast isolates contributes to quantitative thresholds for yeast species and genera delimitation","volume":"85","author":"Vu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stud. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2022). CLSI Supplement M27M44S, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2022). CLSI Supplement M57S, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buzzini, P., Lachance, M.-A., and Yurkov, A. (2017). Yeasts in Natural Ecosystems: Diversity, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62683-3"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2017.334","article-title":"Yeast isolation and identification in water used in a brazilian hemodialysis unit by classic microbiological techniques and Raman spectroscopy","volume":"16","author":"Montanari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9ter, G., and Rosa, C. (2006). Biodiversity and Ecophysiology of Yeasts, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-30985-3"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.12.052","article-title":"Fungal Diversity and presence of potentially pathogenic fungi in a hospital hot water system treated with on-site monochloramine","volume":"71","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Departamento Administrativo de la Funci\u00f3n P\u00fablica, Colombia (2023, January 21). Decreto 1575 de 2007. Sistema para la Protecci\u00f3n y Control de la Calidad del Agua para Consumo Humano. Bogota, Colombia, Available online: https:\/\/www.funcionpublica.gov.co\/eva\/gestornormativo\/norma.php?i=30007."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Ministerio de la Protecci\u00f3n Social, Colombia, and Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial, Colombia (2023, January 21). Resoluci\u00f3n 2115 de 2007 Caracteristicas, Instrumentos Basicos y Frecuencias del Sistema de Control y Vigilancia para la Calidad del Agua para Consumo Humano. Bogota, Colombia, Available online: https:\/\/www.minsalud.gov.co\/sites\/rid\/Lists\/BibliotecaDigital\/RIDE\/DE\/DIJ\/Resoluci\u00f3n_2115_de_2007.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2016_8","article-title":"Fungi, Water Supply and Biofilms","volume":"Volume 931","author":"Imbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fungal Biofilms and Related Infections"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.119599","article-title":"Health risk posed by direct ingestion of yeasts from polluted river water","volume":"231","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1000287005253","article-title":"Seasonal Occurrence of yeasts and yeast-like organisms in the River Danube","volume":"72","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2010.01030.x","article-title":"Yeasts from an oligotrophic lake in Patagonia (Argentina): Diversity, distribution and synthesis of photoprotective compounds and extracellular enzymes","volume":"76","author":"Libkind","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsec.2005.01.006","article-title":"Yeast community survey in the Tagus estuary","volume":"53","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"51","article-title":"Rhodotorula an emergent pathogen","volume":"6","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"7","article-title":"Estudio etiol\u00f3gico y epidemiol\u00f3gico de las micosis cut\u00e1neas en un laboratorio de referencia-Antioquia-Colombia","volume":"27","author":"Manuela","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. CES Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105521","article-title":"A holistic review on Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"166","author":"Rathore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.21608\/assjm.2016.103912","article-title":"Isolation and identification of yeasts along wastewater treatment lines at Zagazig plant","volume":"54","author":"Hamed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Sci. Moshtohor"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00499-6","article-title":"The global burden of HIV-associated cryptococcal infection in adults in 2020: A modelling analysis","volume":"22","author":"Rajasingham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myac072.S8.5d","article-title":"S8.5d Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii clinical isolates from Colombia develop heteroresistance to fluconazole at high concentrations","volume":"60","author":"Melendres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.07.007","article-title":"The identification of Meyerozyma guilliermondii from blood cultures and surveillance samples in a university hospital in Northeast Turkey: A ten-year survey","volume":"27","author":"Tosun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2011.02.011","article-title":"Potential biocontrol activity of a strain of Pichia guilliermondii against grey mold of apples and its possible modes of action","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femsyr\/foac019","article-title":"The effect of antifungal resistance development on the virulence of Candida species","volume":"22","author":"Bohner","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010151","article-title":"Semisynthetic amides of amphotericin B and nynstatin A1: A comparative study of in vitro activity\/toxicity ratio in relation to selectivity to ergosterol membranes","volume":"12","author":"Tevyashova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2015.11.008","article-title":"Azole resistance in Candida spp. isolated from Cat\u00fa Lake, Cear\u00e1, Brazil: An efflux-pump-mediated mechanism","volume":"47","author":"Brilhante","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.05.026","article-title":"Diversity and antifungal susceptibility of yeasts from tropical freshwater environments in Southeastern Brazil","volume":"42","author":"Medeiros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13030444","article-title":"Extensive diversity and prevalent fluconazole resistance among environmental yeasts from tropical China","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957021","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2022.957021","article-title":"The emerging threat antifungal-resistant Candida tropicalis in humans, animals, and environment","volume":"3","author":"Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, S., Shaw, D., Joshi, H., Singh, S., Chakrabarti, A., Rudramurthy, S.M., and Ghosh, A.K. (2022). Mechanisms of azole antifungal resistance in clinical isolates of Candida tropicalis. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269721"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4769","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00477-13","article-title":"Candida tropicalis antifungal cross-resistance is related to different azole target (Erg11p) modifications","volume":"57","author":"Forastiero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myu081","article-title":"Candida tropicalis isolates obtained from veterinary sources show resistance to azoles and produce virulence factors","volume":"53","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1024-4","article-title":"Diversity, in-vitro virulence traits and antifungal susceptibility pattern of gastrointestinal yeast flora of healthy poultry, Gallus Gallus Domesticus","volume":"17","author":"Subramanya","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4639-00056","article-title":"The seasonal variability of yeasts and yeast-like organisms in water and bottom sediment of the Szczecin lagoon","volume":"203","author":"Dabrowski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.07.032","article-title":"Effect of trophic status in lakes on fungal species diversity and abundance","volume":"109","author":"Pietryczuk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"World Health Organization W.H.O. (2022). Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action, World Health Organization. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011991402794","article-title":"Variations in the periphytic community structure and dynamics of lake Nahuel Huapi (Patagonia, Argentina)","volume":"455","author":"Baffico","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"IDEAM Grupo de Climatolog\u00eda y Agrometereolog\u00eda (2023, January 21). Mapas de Precipitaci\u00f3n Promedio en Colombia, Available online: http:\/\/atlas.ideam.gov.co\/visorAtlasClimatologico.html."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Influence of water quality on diversity and composition of fungal communities in a tropical river","volume":"8","author":"Olchanheski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10197","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140510197","article-title":"Bioavailability of heavy metals in soil: Impact on microbial biodegradation of organic compounds and possible improvement strategies","volume":"14","author":"Olaniran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripathi, V., Kumar, P., Tripathi, P., Kishore, A., and Kamle, M. (2019). Microbial Genomics in Sustainable Agroecosystems, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9860-6"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112478","article-title":"Ecological risks and controlling factors of trace elements in sediments of Dam Lakes in the Black Sea region (Turkey)","volume":"205","author":"Varol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157778","article-title":"Structure, Mechanism, and Toxicity in Antibiotics Metal Complexation: Recent Advances and Perspectives","volume":"848","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105117","article-title":"Heavy Metal Pollution and Co-Selection for Antibiotic Resistance: A Microbial Palaeontology Approach","volume":"132","author":"Dickinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-018-8195-z","article-title":"Metagenomic Analysis Reveals the Prevalence and Persistence of Antibiotic- and Heavy Metal-Resistance Genes in Wastewater Treatment Plant","volume":"56","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.149","article-title":"Occurrence and Distribution of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Ba River, China","volume":"642","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00399","article-title":"Heavy Metal Driven Co-Selection of Antibiotic Resistance in Soil and Water Bodies Impacted by Agriculture and Aquaculture","volume":"3","author":"Seiler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-021-09704-9","article-title":"Relationship between Water Quality, Heavy Metals and Antibiotic Resistance Genes among Three Freshwater Lakes","volume":"194","author":"Rajasekar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3943","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13964","article-title":"Transcription Factors and ABC Transporters: From Pleiotropic Drug Resistance to Cellular Signaling in Yeast","volume":"594","author":"Buechel","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14061","article-title":"The Incredible Diversity of Structures and Functions of ABC Transporters","volume":"595","author":"Hamdoun","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15618","article-title":"Fungal Heavy Metal Adaptation through Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Copy-Number Variation","volume":"29","author":"Bazzicalupo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2022.116791","article-title":"Cytochromes P450 in Biosensing and Biosynthesis Applications: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives","volume":"158","author":"Mi","year":"2023","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06309.x","article-title":"Mutations in the Multi-Drug Resistance Regulator MRR1, Followed by Loss of Heterozygosity, Are the Main Cause of MDR1 Overexpression in Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans Strains","volume":"69","author":"Dunkel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"de Almeida, R.F., L\u00fccking, R., Vasco-Palacios, A., Gaya, E., and Diazgranados, M. (2022). Catalogue of Fungi of Colombia, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n de Recursos Biol\u00f3gicos Alexander von Humboldt. [1st ed.]."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/4\/3428\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:36:51Z","timestamp":1760121411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/4\/3428"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20043428"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20043428","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]}}}