{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T20:20:54Z","timestamp":1774038054504,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Spanish Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad Plan Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEP2011-29093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEP2011-29093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Spanish Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad Plan Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEP2005-00046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEP2005-00046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n y Ciencia","award":["DEP2011-29093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEP2011-29093"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n y Ciencia","award":["DEP2005-00046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEP2005-00046"]}]},{"name":"Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional","award":["DEP2011-29093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEP2011-29093"]}]},{"name":"Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional","award":["DEP2005-00046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEP2005-00046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper aims to elaborate a decision tree for the early detection of adolescent swimmers at risk of presenting low bone mineral density (BMD), based on easily measurable fitness and performance variables. The BMD of 78 adolescent swimmers was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans at the hip and subtotal body. The participants also underwent physical fitness (muscular strength, speed, and cardiovascular endurance) and swimming performance assessments. A gradient-boosting machine regression tree was built to predict the BMD of the swimmers and to further develop a simpler individual decision tree. The predicted BMD was strongly correlated with the actual BMD values obtained from the DXA (r = 0.960, p &lt; 0.001; root mean squared error = 0.034 g\/cm2). According to a simple decision tree (74% classification accuracy), swimmers with a body mass index (BMI) lower than 17 kg\/m2 or a handgrip strength inferior to 43 kg with the sum of both arms could be at a higher risk of having a low BMD. Easily measurable fitness variables (BMI and handgrip strength) could be used for the early detection of adolescent swimmers who are at risk of suffering from low BMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T02:04:03Z","timestamp":1676513043000},"page":"3454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Design of a Computer Model for the Identification of Adolescent Swimmers at Risk of Low BMD"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Marin-Puyalto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD \u201cGrowth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development\u201d Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6492-2512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Gomez-Cabello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD \u201cGrowth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development\u201d Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Centro Universitario de la Defensa, 50090 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0520-1640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Gomez-Bruton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD \u201cGrowth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development\u201d Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Universidad de Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8500-1667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel","family":"Matute-Llorente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD \u201cGrowth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development\u201d Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Universidad de Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Castillo-Bernad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Universidad de Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0137-9900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Lozano-Berges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD \u201cGrowth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development\u201d Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Universidad de Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1132-5906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Gonzalez-Ag\u00fcero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD \u201cGrowth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development\u201d Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Universidad de Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7215-6931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose 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