{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T01:01:56Z","timestamp":1767834116273,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"National Council of Science and Technology, Mexico (CONACYT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"National Council of Science and Technology, Mexico (CONACYT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["152772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["152772"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SEP-CONACYT, Ciencia de Frontera 2019","award":["51241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51241"]}]},{"name":"SEP-CONACYT, Ciencia de Frontera 2019","award":["152772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["152772"]}]},{"name":"Promotion and Support Program for Research Projects (PROFAPI)","award":["51241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51241"]}]},{"name":"Promotion and Support Program for Research Projects (PROFAPI)","award":["152772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["152772"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Giardia duodenalis is a significant cause of waterborne and foodborne infections, day-care center outbreaks, and traveler\u2019s diarrhea worldwide. In protozoa such as Trichomonas vaginalis and Entamoeba histolytica, iron affects the growth, pathogenicity mechanisms, and expression of virulence genes. One of the proposed iron regulatory mechanisms is at the post-transcriptional level through an IRE\/IRP-like (iron responsive element\/iron regulatory protein) system. Recently, the expression of many putative giardial virulence factors in the free-iron levels has been reported in subsequent RNAseq experiments; however, the iron regulatory mechanism remains unknown. Thus, this work aimed to determine the effects of iron on the growth, gene expression, and presence of IRE-like structures in G. duodenalis. First, the parasite\u2019s growth kinetics at different iron concentrations were studied, and the cell viability was determined. It was observed that the parasite can adapt to an iron range from 7.7 to 500 \u00b5M; however, in conditions without iron, it is unable to survive in the culture medium. Additionally, the iron modulation of three genes was determined by RT-PCR assays. The results suggested that Actin, glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase, and cytochrome b5 mRNA were down-regulated by iron. To investigate the presence of IRE-like structures, in silico analyses were performed for different mRNAs from the Giardia genome database. The Zuker mfold v2.4 web server and theoretical analysis were used to predict the secondary structures of the 91 mRNAs analyzed. Interestingly, the iron-induced downregulation of the genes analyzed corresponds to the location of the stem\u2013loop structures found in their UTR regions. In conclusion, iron modulates the growth and expression of specific genes, likely due to the presence of IRE-like structures in G. duodenalis mRNAs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T02:27:24Z","timestamp":1676600844000},"page":"3556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Stem\u2013Loop Structures in Iron-Regulated mRNAs of Giardia duodenalis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Plata-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnolog\u00eda de la Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa, Av. de las Am\u00e9ricas y Josefa Ort\u00edz (Cd. Universitaria), Culiac\u00e1n 80030, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8193-9700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossana","family":"Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Infect\u00f3mica y Patog\u00e9nesis Molecular, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN No. 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1470-3383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nidia","family":"Le\u00f3n-Sicairos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIASaP Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa, Cedros y Sauces Frac. Fresnos, Culiac\u00e1n 80246, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n, Hospital Pedi\u00e1trico de Sinaloa, Boulevard Constituci\u00f3n S\/N, Col. Jorge Almada, Culiac\u00e1n 80200, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8605-0639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Caniz\u00e1lez-Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIASaP Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa, Cedros y Sauces Frac. Fresnos, Culiac\u00e1n 80246, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7391-205X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"L\u00f3pez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnolog\u00eda de la Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa, Av. de las Am\u00e9ricas y Josefa Ort\u00edz (Cd. Universitaria), Culiac\u00e1n 80030, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7165-4472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanett","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Ontiveros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnolog\u00eda de la Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa, Av. de las Am\u00e9ricas y Josefa Ort\u00edz (Cd. Universitaria), Culiac\u00e1n 80030, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Garz\u00f3n-Tiznado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnolog\u00eda de la Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa, Av. de las Am\u00e9ricas y Josefa Ort\u00edz (Cd. Universitaria), Culiac\u00e1n 80030, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Le\u00f3n-Sicairos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnolog\u00eda de la Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa, Av. de las Am\u00e9ricas y Josefa Ort\u00edz (Cd. Universitaria), Culiac\u00e1n 80030, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.2174\/1872213X13666190618124901","article-title":"Giardiasis: An Overview","volume":"13","author":"Leung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hotez, P.J., Molyneux, D.H., Fenwick, A., Ottesen, E., Ehrlich Sachs, S., and Sachs, J.D. (2006). 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