{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:52:54Z","timestamp":1760147574315,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Body dissatisfaction (BD) is an important public health issue as it negatively influences the physical and psychosocial wellbeing of children\/early adolescents. Available measures of BD for this population are scarce, have a significant bias, or only evaluate weight-related dissatisfaction. This study, through the exploratory factor analysis (EFA), aims to develop and validate the Italian (Study 1) and Spanish (Study 2) versions of a new tool, the Body Image Bidimensional Assessment (BIBA), which is not subject to sex\u2013age\u2013race biases and is able to identify BD related to weight and height among children\/early adolescents. Study 3 regards the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), testing the measurement of invariance across sex and country. The BIBA has a two-factor structure (i.e., weight and height dissatisfaction) according to studies 1 and 2. McDonald\u2019s \u03c9 ranged from 0.73 (weight) and 0.72 (height) with good reliability. CFA confirmed the two-factor model as a good fit for the Italian and Spanish samples. Finally, partial metric and scalar invariance of the BIBA dimensions across sexes and nations emerged. The BIBA has proven to be an easy-to-use tool that identifies two BD dimensions among children\/early adolescents who could benefit from prompt educational interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T03:29:06Z","timestamp":1676863746000},"page":"3626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development, Validation, and Measurement Invariance of the Body Image Bidimensional Assessment (BIBA) in Italian and Spanish Children and Early Adolescent Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5756-3045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Segura-Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Outpatient Unit for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital Mater Domini, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5585-6488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Aloi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5521-6552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira Anna","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Outpatient Unit for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital Mater Domini, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo Antonio","family":"Staltari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7742-7086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Rania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outpatient Unit for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital Mater Domini, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3098-5782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Papaianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Education, 88900 Crotone, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7513-4121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikel","family":"Vaquero-Sol\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Teaching Training, University of Extremadura, 10071 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2954-2375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Tapia-Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Teaching Training, University of Extremadura, 10071 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1660-535X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Antonio","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Teaching Training, University of Extremadura, 10071 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6708-1253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Tullio","family":"Liuzza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Smolak, L. 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