{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T01:34:46Z","timestamp":1784079286005,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]],"date-time":"2023-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Adults with intellectual disability have limited executive function\u2014which includes working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control subcomponents\u2014making their ability to live independently challenging. The present study explored whether a badminton intervention program could improve the executive function of adults living with a mild intellectual disability, but with no physical disability. Methods: This randomized controlled study randomly assigned 30 adults with mild intellectual disabilities recruited from Shanghai Sunshine bases in Shanghai (20 males and 10 females; mean age, 35.80 (3.93) years) to a badminton intervention program (n = 15, training for 12 weeks, 3 times\/week, 60 min each time) or the control group (n = 15), which received a typical physical education course consisting primarily of gymnastics. Correct response rates and response times on the Stroop test, n-back task, and task switching were analyzed using two-way analyses of variance, followed by simple effects tests to evaluate inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, respectively, before and after the badminton intervention. Results: No significant difference was detected between the badminton group and the control group (p &gt; 0.05) for their pre-test scores on any subcomponent of executive function. A 2 \u00d7 2 repeated-measures analysis of variance showed a significant increase in accuracy in the inhibitory control task for the badminton group after the intervention (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, the accuracy rate and reaction time in a working memory task were significantly improved in the badminton group after the intervention (p &lt; 0.05). Although some improvement in cognitive flexibility was observed for this group after the intervention, it was not statistically significant (p &gt; 0.05). In the control group, there was no significant difference in any executive function subcomponents after the intervention (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that badminton may be used as an effective intervention to improve the executive function of adults with a mild intellectual disability and that our protocol may inform future badminton exercise intervention programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T03:29:06Z","timestamp":1676863746000},"page":"3673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Badminton Improves Executive Function in Adults Living with Mild Intellectual Disability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huawei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Department, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-0102(00)00224-8","article-title":"Neuronal mechanisms of executive control by the prefrontal cortex","volume":"39","author":"Funahashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci. 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